Tag: Surveillance

Background

1920 Wall Street Bombing – [2,137 Pages, 152MB] – The Wall Street bombing occurred at 12:01 pm on Thursday, September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The blast killed thirty people immediately, and another ten died later of wounds sustained in the blast. There were 143 seriously injured, and the total number of injured was in the hundreds. The bombing was never solved, although investigators and historians believe it was carried out by Galleanists (Italian anarchists), a group responsible for a series of bombings the previous year. The attack was related to postwar social unrest, labor struggles, and anti-capitalist agitation in the United States.

Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani – [3 Pages, 1.2MB] – Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani GCB GCMG (17 September 1932 – 23 October 2016‎‎) was the Emir of Qatar from 27 February 1972 until he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa on 27 June 1995.  He was the grandfather of the current Emir, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.

Abel, Rudolf – FBI Release #1 – [1,812 Pages, 934MB]
Abel, Rudolf – FBI Release #2 – [1,794 Pages, 371MB] – Rudolf Ivanovich Abel (Russian: Рудольф Иванович Абель), real name Vilyam “Willie” Genrikhovich Fisher (Вильям “Вилли” Генрихович Фишер), (July 11, 1903 – November 15, 1971) was a Soviet intelligence officer. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by FBI agents in 1957. In 1957 the U.S. Federal Court in New York convicted Fisher on three counts of conspiracy as a Soviet spy for his involvement in what became known as the Hollow Nickel Case and sentenced him to 30 years’ imprisonment at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Georgia. He served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. Back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences. He died in 1971 at the age of 68.

Abrams, Stephen Irwin – FBI Release #1 – [28 Pages, 13.3MB]
Abrams, Stephen Irwin – FBI Release #2 – [9 Pages, 1.3MB] – Stephen Irwin Abrams (15 July 1938 in Chicago, Illinois – 21 November 2012) was an American scholar of parapsychology and a cannabis rights activist who was a long-standing resident of the United Kingdom. He is best known for sponsoring and authoring the full page advertisement petitioning for cannabis law reform which appeared in The Times on 24 July 1967.

Accuracy in the Media – [20 Pages, 1.4MB] – Accuracy in Media (AIM) is an American non-profit conservative news media watchdog founded in 1969 by economist Reed Irvine. AIM supported the Vietnam War and blamed media bias for U.S. loss in the war. During the Reagan administration, AIM criticized reporting about the El Mozote massacre in El Salvador. During the Clinton administration, AIM pushed Vince Foster conspiracy theories. During the George W. Bush administration, AIM accused the media of bias against the Iraq War, defended the Bush administration’s use of torture, and campaigned to stop the United States from signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It described 2008 presidential candidate Barack Obama as “the most radical candidate ever to stand at the precipice of acquiring his party’s presidential nomination. It is apparent that he is a member of an international socialist movement.” It also criticized the media’s response to COVID-19.

Albertson, William – [492 Pages, 135MB] – William Albertson, an American communist party leader who in 1964 was the subject of a snitch jacket, an FBI project to forge and plant a fictional report identifying him as an informant for the Bureau.

Albertson, William – [4 Pages, 2.37MB] – Records are now destroyed, which may indicate the below release in 2011 may be among what was destroyed. It’s also possible those files are now at NARA, as there is a huge list of numbers that were transferred, as archived here with this letter. The Black Vault did not pursue getting them.

Albertson, William – [2,563 Pages, 125.3MB] – (Source: GovernmentAttic.org Release)

Alexander, Donald Crichton – [106 Pages, 125.3 MB] – Donald Crichton Alexander (May 22, 1921 – February 2, 2009) was a tax lawyer and Nixon administration official. Alexander was appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue by President Richard Nixon in May 1973, and was replaced in February 1977, early in the Jimmy Carter administration.

Alinsky, Saul FBI Release, June 2016 – [462 Pages, 31.7MB] – I requested additional records from the FBI (based on their statement that additional records could exist.) The final determination is that the material was destroyed.  SEE LETTER HERE)
Alinsky, Saul File #100-BA-30057, NARA Release, August 2016 – [32 Pages, 35.7 MB]
Saul David Alinsky (January 30, 1909 – June 12, 1972) was an American community organizer and writer. He is generally considered to be the founder of modern community organizing. He is often noted for his 1971 book Rules for Radicals. In the course of nearly four decades of political organizing, Alinsky received much criticism, but also gained praise from many public figures. His organizing skills were focused on improving the living conditions of poor communities across North America. In the 1950s, he began turning his attention to improving conditions in the African-American ghettos, beginning with Chicago’s and later traveling to other ghettos in California, Michigan, New York City, and a dozen other “trouble spots”. His ideas were adapted in the 1960s by some U.S. college students and other young counterculture-era organizers, who used them as part of their strategies for organizing on campus and beyond. Time magazine wrote in 1970 that “It is not too much to argue that American democracy is being altered by Alinsky’s ideas.” Conservative author William F. Buckley, Jr. said in 1966 that Alinsky was “very close to being an organizational genius”.

Allen, Paul – [160 Pages, 28MB] – Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American business magnate, computer programmer, researcher, investor, and philanthropist. He was best known for co-founding Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975, which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Microsoft became the world’s largest personal computer software company. Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes in 2018, with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death.

Alpha 66  – [1,347 Pages, 67.5MB] – Alpha 66 is an anti-Castro paramilitary organization that operates in the Southern United States. The group was originally formed by Cuban exiles in the early 1960s and was most active in the late 1970s and 1980s. Although its base of support has greatly eroded due to the end of the Cold War and the thawing of relations between the United States and Cuba, Alpha 66 is still active today and is recognized as a terrorist organization by state governments and research groups alike.

America’s Most Wanted – FBI Release #1 – [355 Pages, 18MB]
America’s Most Wanted – FBI Release #2 – [377 Pages, 18MB] – America’s Most Wanted is an American television program that was produced by 20th Television. At the time of its cancellation by the Fox television network in June 2011, it was the longest-running program in the network’s history (25 seasons), a mark since surpassed by The Simpsons. The show started off as a half-hour program on February 7, 1988. In 1990, the show’s format was changed from 30 minutes to 60 minutes. The show’s format was reverted to 30 minutes in 1995, and then back to 60 minutes in 1996. A short-lived syndicated spinoff titled America’s Most Wanted: Final Justice aired during the 1995-96 season. Note: Although America’s Most Wanted was not the main subject of a file, the FBI released their files that mentioned America’s Most Wanted in connection to their respective files. This batch, is everything they sent.

American Alliance of Museums – [109 Pages, 53.9 MB] – The American Alliance of Museums (AAM), formerly the American Association of Museums, is a non-profit association that has brought museums together since its founding in 1906, helping develop standards and best practices, gathering and sharing knowledge, and advocating on issues of concern to the museum community. AAM is dedicated to ensuring that museums remain a vital part of the American landscape, connecting people with the greatest achievements of the human experience, past, present and future. AAM is the only organization representing the entire scope of museums and professionals and nonpaid staff who work for and with museums. AAM currently represents more than 25,000 individual museum professionals and volunteers, 4,000 institutions and 150 corporate members. Individual members span the range of occupations in museums, including directors, curators, registrars, educators, exhibit designers, public relations officers, development officers, security managers, trustees and volunteers.

American Bar Association – [114 Pages, 5.7MB] – The American Bar Association (ABA), founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. The ABA’s most important stated activities are the setting of academic standards for law schools, and the formulation of model ethical codes related to the legal profession. The ABA has 410,000 members. In 1979, half of all lawyers in the U.S. were members of the ABA; in 2019, 20% of the nation’s lawyers were members.  The organization’s national headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois; it also maintains a significant branch office in Washington, D.C.

American Psychiatric Association (APA) – [259 Pages, 148.5MB] – The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. Its some 36,000 members are mainly American but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders.

American Psychological Association (APA) – [14 Pages, 6.2MB] – The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 118,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. The APA has an annual budget of around $115m. There are 54 divisions of the APA—interest groups covering different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas.

Amtorg Trading Corporation – [259 Pages, 146MB] – Amtorg Trading Corporation, also known as Amtorg (short for Amerikanskaia Torgovlia, Russian: Амторг), was the first trade representation of the Soviet Union in the United States, established in New York in 1924 by merging Armand Hammer’s Allied American Corporation (Alamerico) with Products Exchange Corporation (Prodexco) and Arcos-America Inc. (the U.S. branch of All Russian Co-operative Society, ARCOS, in Great Britain).

Asian American Political Alliance – [1,663 Pages, 83.4 MB] – The Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was a political organization started at University of California, Berkeley in 1968 that aimed to unite all Asian Americans under one identity to push for political and social action. The two main chapters were at UC Berkeley, and San Francisco State College, both of which became heavily involved in the larger Asian American movement throughout the 1960s, including at the Third World Liberation Front strikes at SF State and at UC Berkeley.  The AAPA identified as an anti-imperialistic, Third World political organization that fought for self-determination and liberation for Asian Americans. They expressed solidarity and support for other people of color throughout the US and throughout the world, particularly in colonized or recently decolonized countries. The AAPA’s participation in the Third World Liberation Front strikes at SF State and UC Berkeley resulted in the creation of a School of Ethnic Studies at SF State and an Ethnic Studies department at UC Berkeley. The AAPA was also involved in movements such as the Black Power Movement and the anti-Vietnam War movement. Although both main chapters were short-lived and disbanded in 1969, the AAPA played a large role in the Asian American movement and was influential in encouraging other Asian Americans to get involved in political action.   This release covers the FBI investigation of the group and its leaders from 1969 through 1972. The FBI was especially interested in the contact the group or its members had with Chinese communists abroad.

Austin, Louis –  [139 Pages,  86MB] – A devout and visionary Philadelphia entrepreneur who foresaw a prosperous industry in bottling Capon Springs water. The bottling business was abandoned after 1959, when Lou retired, although the water remains available free of charge at fountains and faucets.

 Baldrige, Letitia – [34 Pages, 1.53 MB] – Letitia Baldrige (February 9, 1926 – October 29, 2012) was an American etiquette expert and public relations executive who was most famous for serving as Jacqueline Kennedy’s Social Secretary. Known as the “Doyenne of Decorum”, she wrote a newspaper column, ran her own PR firm, and, along with updating Amy Vanderbilt’s Complete Book of Etiquette, she published 20 books and appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and the cover of Time Magazine.

Banco Ambrosiano [4 Pages, 1.4 MB] – Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. At the centre of the bank’s failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano’s main shareholder, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumored to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal. Vatican Bank was also accused of funneling covert United States funds to Solidarity and the Contras through Banco Ambrosiano.

 Banister, Guy [297 Pages, 32.9 MB]
 Banister, Guy – Release #2 [335 Pages, 20.3 MB] – William Guy Banister (March 7, 1901 – June 6, 1964) was an employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, an Assistant Superintendent of the New Orleans Police Department, and a private investigator. After his death, he gained notoriety from allegations made by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison that he had been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.  He was an avid anti-communist, alleged member of the Minutemen, the John Birch Society, Louisiana Committee on Un-American Activities, and alleged publisher of the Louisiana Intelligence Digest. He also supported various anti-Castro groups in the New Orleans area: “Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front”; “Anti-Communist League of the Caribbean”; “Friends of Democratic Cuba”. According to the New Orleans States-Item newspaper, “Guy [Banister] participated in every anti-Communist South and Central American revolution that came along, acting as a key liaison man for the U.S. government-sponsored anti-Communist activities in Latin America.”

Banks, Dennis – FBI Release #1 – [324 Pages, 200MB]
Banks, Dennis – FBI VAULT Release #1 – [681 Pages, 31MB] – Dennis Banks (April 12, 1937, in Ojibwe – October 29, 2017) was a Native American activist, teacher, and author. He was a longtime leader of the American Indian Movement, which he co-founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1968 to represent urban Indians.

 Barker, Bernard Leon (FBI File) – [352 Pages, 23.57 MB]
 Barker, Bernard Leon (Secret Service File) – [ 18 Pages, 0.9 MB ]- Bernard Leon Barker (March 17, 1917 – June 5, 2009) was a Watergate burglar. He had a long career as an undercover operative.

Barlow, Lester – FBI Release #1 – [235 Pages, 46MB]
Barlow, Lester – Archived Release #1 (Archived from a third party requester – may be duplicated pages) – [239 Pages, 13.6MB] – Lester Pence Barlow was an American inventor and engineer, known for his significant contributions to military technology during World War I. Born in the late 19th century, Barlow’s innovative spirit led him to develop some of the first aerial bombs and torpedoes, revolutionizing modern warfare. His designs were instrumental in advancing aerial combat capabilities, providing a crucial edge to Allied forces. Barlow’s work not only demonstrated remarkable technical prowess but also highlighted the transformative impact of aerial munitions in 20th-century military strategy. His legacy endures as a testament to the pivotal role of inventive engineering in warfare.

Battelle Memorial Institute – [261 Pages, 23.57MB] – Battelle Memorial Institute (more widely known as simply Battelle) is a private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. Battelle is a charitable trust organized as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of Ohio and is exempt from taxation under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code because it is organized for charitable, scientific and education purposes. The institute opened in 1929 but traces its origins to the 1923 will of Ohio industrialist Gordon Battelle which provided for its creation. Originally focusing on contract research and development work in the areas of metals and material science, Battelle is now an international science and technology enterprise that explores emerging areas of science, develops and commercializes technology, and manages laboratories for customers.

 Belli, Melvin – [369 Pages, 39.9 MB] – Melvin Mouron Belli (July 29, 1907 – July 9, 1996) was a prominent American lawyer known as “The King of Torts” and by insurance companies as “Melvin Bellicose.” He had many celebrity clients, including Zsa Zsa Gabor, Errol Flynn, Chuck Berry, Muhammad Ali, The Rolling Stones, Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker, Martha Mitchell, Maureen Connolly, Lana Turner, Tony Curtis, and Mae West. He won over $600 million in judgments during his legal career. He was also the attorney for Jack Ruby, who shot Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Baikowitz, Dr. Bernardo Benes – [115 Pages, 20MB] – Dr. Bernardo Benes Baikowitz (27 December 1934 in Matanzas, Cuba – 14 January 2019 in Miami, Florida) was a prominent Jewish Cuban lawyer, banker, journalist and civic leader, who was responsible for freeing 3,600 Cuban political prisoners in 1978.

Berkshire Hathaway (Cross References) – [96 Pages, 3.8MB] – Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded by Oliver Chace in 1839 as a textile manufacturing company, it was eventually taken over by Warren Buffett in the mid-1960s, transforming it into a diversified powerhouse with investments in a vast range of sectors including insurance, utilities, rail transportation, and consumer goods, among others. Renowned for its consistent performance and Buffett’s unique investment philosophy, Berkshire Hathaway stands as one of the most respected and valuable companies in the world.

Blaichman, Frank (Cross References) –  [10 Pages, 1.3MB] – Frank Blaichman (December 11, 1922 – December 27, 2018), also known as Ephraim Blaichman, occasionally spelled Frank Bleichman, and in Polish Franek or Franciszek Blajchman, was a Holocaust survivor who was a Polish-Jewish leader of an armed organization during World War II.

 Bras, Juan Mari – [19 Pages, 14MB] – Juan Mari Brás (December 2, 1927 – September 10, 2010) was an advocate for Puerto Rican independence from the United States who founded the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). On October 25, 2006, he became the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship c

ertificate from the Puerto Rico State Department. These documents were obtained, after a FOIA appeal.

Bridges, Harry – [199 Pages, 151MB] – Harry Renton Bridges (1901-1990) was a prominent Australian-born American labor leader who played a crucial role in the labor movement on the West Coast of the United States. Emigrating to the U.S. in 1920, Bridges became a leading figure in the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU), known for his advocacy of workers’ rights and his efforts to unionize dockworkers. He led the pivotal 1934 West Coast Longshore Strike, which resulted in significant gains for workers and established the ILWU as a powerful force in labor relations. Despite facing numerous legal battles, including accusations of being a communist, Bridges remained a steadfast and influential advocate for labor rights until his death, leaving a lasting legacy in the American labor movement.

British Broadcasting Company (BBC) – [15 Pages, 1MB] – The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster, London, and it is the world’s oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 22,000 staff in total, more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting.  The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed-contract staff are included.

 Browning, James Louis – [192 Pages, 78MB ] – James Louis Browning, Jr. (December 8, 1932 – January 12, 2016) was a California jurist. He served as United States Attorney for the Northern District of California from 1969 to 1977 and later as a municipal, then state judge. He was the lead prosecutor in the sensational case that sent newspaper heiress Patty Hearst to prison in 1976. Many documents on Mr. Browning were destroyed, as indicated by the FOIA response letter.

Burgman, Herbert John – [239 Pages, 54.5MB ] – Herbert John Burgman (1894–1953) was an American broadcaster and journalist who became notorious for his role as a propagandist during World War II. Born in Hokah, Minnesota, Burgman served in the U.S. Army during World War I and subsequently found work in Berlin as a clerk at the American Embassy. He remained in Germany after the Nazis rose to power and became involved with German radio broadcasting. During World War II, he became known for his anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi broadcasts under the pseudonym “Joe Scanlon,” attempting to demoralize Allied troops with disinformation. After the war, he was arrested, tried for treason in the U.S., and sentenced to imprisonment in 1949. He died in prison a few years later.

 Burning Man – [19 Pages, 6.7 MB] – Burning Man is an annual gathering that takes place at Black Rock City—a temporary community erected in the Black Rock Desert in Nevada. The event is described as an experiment in community and art, influenced by 10 main principles, including “radical” inclusion, self-reliance and self-expression, as well as community cooperation, gifting and decommodification, and leaving no trace. First held in 1986 on Baker Beach in San Francisco as a small function organized by Larry Harvey and a group of friends, it has since been held annually, spanning from the last Sunday in August to the first Monday in September (the U.S. Labor Day); for example, Burning Man 2015 took place August 30 – September 7, 2015.

 Bull, Gerald – FBI Release #1 – [69 Pages, 30MB]
 Bull, Gerald – FBI Release #2 – [7 Pages, 1MB]Gerald Vincent Bull (March 9, 1928 – March 22, 1990) was a Canadian engineer who developed long-range artillery. He moved from project to project in his quest to economically launch a satellite using a huge artillery piece, to which end he designed the Project Babylon “supergun” for the Iraqi government. Bull was assassinated outside his apartment in Brussels, Belgium in March 1990.

Burning of the ROTC Building at Kent State University, 1970 – [68 Pages, 27.6MB] – The burning of the ROTC building at Kent State University occurred on May 2, 1970, amid a backdrop of intense national protests against the Vietnam War. Students at the university had been increasingly vocal in their opposition to the war, and tensions reached a boiling point when President Nixon announced the expansion of the war into Cambodia. The ROTC building, symbolizing military presence on campus, was set ablaze by protesters, leading to significant unrest. This event was a precursor to the tragic shootings on May 4, 1970, when the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students, resulting in four deaths and nine injuries, marking a pivotal moment in the anti-war movement and American history.

Bush, Barbara– FBI Vault Release #1 – [61 Pages, 4.5MB]
Bush, Barbara– FBI Release #1 – [6 Pages, 2.64MB] – Barbara Pierce Bush (June 8, 1925 – April 17, 2018) was the first lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 as the wife of President George H. W. Bush, and the founder of the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy. She previously was the second lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Among her six children are George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, and Jeb Bush, the 43rd governor of Florida. She and Abigail Adams are the only two women to be the wife of one U.S. president and the mother of another.

 Busic, Zvonko – FBI Release #1 – [110 Pages, 45.5MB]
 Busic, Zvonko – FBI Release #2 – [96 Pages, 40MB]
 Busic, Zvonko – FBI Release #3 – [70 Pages, 4.5MB]
 Busic, Zvonko – DOJ/OIP Release #1 – [4 Pages, 0.5MB] – Zvonko Bušić (23 January 1946 – 1 September 2013) was a Croatian emigrant, responsible for hijacking TWA Flight 355 in September 1976. He was subsequently convicted of air piracy and spent 32 years in prison in the United States before being released on parole and deported in July 2008. On 10 September 1976, Zvonko and his wife, Julienne, along with Petar Matanić and Frane Pešut, hijacked a commercial Trans World Airlines plane, Boeing 727, Flight 355, heading from New York to Chicago.  The mastermind of the hijacking, Zvonko Bušić, delivered a note to the captain in which he informed him that the airplane was hijacked, that the group had five gelignite bombs on board, and that another bomb was planted in a locker across from The Commodore Hotel in New York with further instructions.   NOTE: There are an additional 7,300 pages on Busic that have yet to be released. If anyone would like to sponsor this file – please CONTACT ME.

 Byers, Louis T. – FBI Release #1 – [6 Pages, 1MB]
 Byers, Louis T. – FBI Release #2 – [326 Pages, 187MB] –  Louis Temple Byers (July 4, 1931 – October 22, 1981) was an early official of the Willis Carto backed National Youth Alliance. Byers was the NYA leader from 1969 through 1971 until Dr. William Pierce assumed control of the organization. Byers was once a paid coordinator for the John Birch Society in Pittsburgh.  Byers founded the Francis Parker Yockey Society. In 1968, Byers was a Pennsylvania organizer for the Gov. George C. Wallace campaign when he ran for president on the American Independent Party ticket. In October 1981 Louis T. Byers died of cancer.

Byrd, David Harold – FBI Release #1- [18 Pages, 1MB]
Byrd, David Harold – FBI Release #2- [14 Pages, 1MB] – David Harold “Dry Hole” Byrd (24 April 1900 – 14 September 1986) was a noted Texan producer of petroleum, and a co-founder of the Civil Air Patrol. Byrd’s cousin, polar explorer Richard E. Byrd, named Antarctica’s Harold Byrd Mountains for him.

 Cahill, Thomas J. – [116 Pages, 66.8MB ] – Thomas J. Cahill was the chief of police of San Francisco, California from 1958 to 1970 and still has the distinction of having the longest tenure as chief of police in San Francisco history, serving under three mayors (George Christopher, John F. Shelley, and Joseph Alioto) through decades that saw tremendous social changes and upheavals. People called him Tom. He was born June 8, 1910, on Montana Street on the North Side of Chicago. His family returned to County Kilkenny, Ireland, when he was a child, and Cahill returned to San Francisco in 1930.

Cain, Herman– [114 Pages, 21MB] – Herman Cain was an American businessman, writer, and political figure, born on December 13, 1945, in Memphis, Tennessee, and passed away on July 30, 2020. He rose to prominence as a successful businessman, most notably serving as the CEO of Godfather’s Pizza, a role in which he notably turned the company’s fortunes around. Cain also served as the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Omaha Branch. He gained political attention during his campaign for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, where he was known for his “9-9-9” tax reform plan, which proposed replacing the current tax system with a 9% business transaction tax, a 9% personal income tax, and a 9% federal sales tax. Cain’s life was a blend of corporate success and political aspiration, making him a notable figure in American business and politics.

 Calvi, Roberto – [34 Pages, 16.3MB ] – Roberto Calvi (13 April 1920 – 17 June 1982) was an Italian banker dubbed “God’s Banker” (Italian: Banchiere di Dio) by the press because of his close association with the Holy See. A native of Milan, Calvi was Chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, which collapsed in one of modern Italy’s biggest political scandals. His death in London in June 1982 is a source of enduring controversy and was ruled a murder after two coroner’s inquests and an independent investigation. In Rome, in June 2007, five people were acquitted of the murder.

Cameron, Edwin – FBI Release #1 – [55 Pages, 6MB]
Cameron, Edwin – FBI Release #2 – [9 Pages, 1.2MB] – Edwin Cameron was the NSA’s top analyst on foreign rocketry and missile activities, with an additional specialization in Soviet-era space activities.

Cameron, Lyle – [129 Pages, 6.5MB ] – Lyle Cameron was a well know skydiver, and published a magazine on the topic.

 Caruso, Pietro – FBI Release #1 – [4 Pages, 1.0MB]
 Caruso, Pietro – FBI Release #2 – [3 Pages, 0.7MB]Pietro Caruso (born 10 November 1899 in Maddaloni – died 22 September 1944 in Rome) was an Italian Fascist and head of the Italian police during the final part of World War II. Together with Herbert Kappler, the German Gestapo chief in Rome, Caruso organised the massacre in Fosse Ardeatine on 24 March 1944 as revenge for an attack the day before by Italian partisans on a column of German soldiers in Rome. 335 people, many of them belonging to a Communist military resistance group, were shot during the massacre.

 Church of Scientology – [1,519 Pages, 749MB] – (Note: Very large file. Recommend right clicking and downloading to your hard drive) Developed by L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one’s true spiritual nature and one’s relationship to self, family, groups, Mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the Supreme Being.  Scientology addresses the spirit—not the body or mind—and believes that Man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes.

Citzens’ Council – FBI Release #1 – [829 Pages, 192MB]
Citzens’ Council – FBI Release #2 – [22 Pages, 12.9MB]
Citzens’ Council – FBI Release #3 – [20 Pages, 7MB] – The Citizens’ Councils (also referred to as White Citizens’ Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, extreme right organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South. The first was formed on July 11, 1954. After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America. With about 60,000 members across the United States, mostly in the South, the groups were founded primarily to oppose racial integration of schools following the US Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that segregated public schools were unconstitutional. They also opposed voter registration efforts in the South, where most blacks had been disenfranchised since the turn of the 20th century, and integration of public facilities during the 1950s and 1960s. Members used intimidation tactics including economic boycotts, firing people from jobs, propaganda, and committing violence against citizens and civil-rights activists.

Cochran, Jr., Johnnie – [99 Pages, 39MB] – Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. (October 2, 1937 – March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer best known for his leadership role in the defense and criminal acquittal of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman. Cochran represented Sean Combs during his trial on gun and bribery charges, as well as Michael Jackson, Tupac Shakur, Todd Bridges, football player Jim Brown, Snoop Dogg, former heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe, 1992 Los Angeles riot beating victim Reginald Oliver Denny, and inmate and activist Geronimo Pratt. He represented athlete Marion Jones when she faced charges of doping during her high school track career. Cochran was known for his skill in the courtroom and his prominence as an early advocate for victims of police brutality.

Cohn, Roy– [748 Pages, 100MB] – Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986) was an American lawyer best known for being Senator Joseph McCarthy’s chief counsel during the Army–McCarthy hearings in 1954, for assisting with McCarthy’s investigations of suspected communists, as a top political fixer, and for being Donald Trump’s personal lawyer. The Black Vault’s FOIA Case number for reference (no letter is attached to this since it was released electronically) is 1432506-000.

 Crouch, Paul Franklin – [ 76 Pages, 33.5 MB ] – Paul Franklin Crouch (March 30, 1934 – November 30, 2013) was an American Christian broadcaster. Crouch, along with his wife Jan, and televangelist Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker, founded the Trinity Broadcasting Network in 1973 (TBN).

 Cryptome.org – [125 Pages, 38.5 MB] – Cryptome is a 501(c)(3) private foundation created in 1996 by John Young and Deborah Natsios and sponsored by Natsios-Young Architects. The site collects information about freedom of expression, privacy, cryptography, dual-use technologies, national security, intelligence, government secrecy.

Cult of the Dead Cow – [73 Pages, 10MB] – Cult of the Dead Cow, also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas.

Darrow, Clarence – [ File #1 ] – Clarence Darrow was a lawyer from the 1900’s to 1930’s. There have been many books on him, an estimated number of fifty. He was the best orator of his time and was coveted at all kinds of debates.Once he had moved from Ohio, he quickly became the most successful lawyer in Chicago, and grew to be the most famous lawyer in all of history. This is Miscellaneous material and correspondence regarding the famous attorney.

 Dean, Arthur Hobson – [113 Pages, 55MB] – Arthur Hobson Dean (1898–1987) was a New York City lawyer and diplomat who was viewed as one of the leading corporate lawyers of his day, as well having served as a key adviser to numerous U.S. presidents. Dean was chairman and senior partner of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he worked closely with John Foster Dulles. He was the chief U.S. negotiator at Panmunjeom where he helped negotiate the Korean Armistice Agreement, which ended the Korean War, and also helped draft and negotiate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963. Dean was a member (and later served on the Board of Directors) of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Society and served as a delegate to the United Nations. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group and participated in 14 conferences between 1957 and 1975.

Deatherage, George– FBI Release #1 – [2,294 Pages, 1.5GB] Please note: This is a extremely large file of 1.5 gigabyte — it is recommended you right click and download the file to your desktop
Deatherage, George– FBI Release #2 – [100 Pages, 67MB] – George Edward Deatherage (November 15, 1893 – March 31, 1965) was an American political activist and a promoter of nationalism. A native of Minnesota and an engineer by training, he authored several books on construction.

 Delaney, Edward Leo – [260 Pages, 156.9 MB] – Edward Leo Delaney (December 12, 1885 – July 1, 1972) was an American broadcaster of Nazi propaganda during World War II. He was indicted on charges of treason in 1943, but after the war the charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.

DePugh, Robert Boliver – [1,485 Pages, 799.7MB] – Robert Boliver “Bob” DePugh (15 April 1923 – 30 June 2009) was an American anti-Communist activist who founded the Minutemen militant anti-Communist organization in 1961.

Douglas, Donald Willis – [8 Pages, 5.2MB] – Donald Wills Douglas Sr. (April 6, 1892 – February 1, 1981) was an American aircraft industrialist and engineer. An aviation pioneer, he designed and built the Douglas Cloudster. Though it failed in its intended purpose—being the first to fly non-stop across the United States—it became the first airplane with a payload greater than its own weight.

Dummar, Melvin – [15 Pages, 4.4MB] – Melvin Earl Dummar (August 28, 1944 – December 9, 2018) was a Utah man who gained attention when he claimed to have saved reclusive business tycoon Howard Hughes in the Nevada desert in 1967, and to have been awarded part of Hughes’ vast estate. Dummar’s claims resulted in a series of court battles that all ended in rulings against Dummar. A Las Vegas jury determined in 1978 that the will, leaving Dummar $156 million, was a forgery. Dummar’s story was later adapted into Jonathan Demme’s film Melvin and Howard in 1980, in which he was portrayed by actor Paul Le Mat. A 2005 reinvestigation of the circumstances surrounding the so-called Dummar Will yielded new evidence not previously known.

 Duncan, Donald – [242 Pages, 109.2 MB] – Master Sergeant Donald Walter “Don” Duncan (March 18, 1930 – March 25, 2009) was a U.S. Army Special Forces soldier who served during the Vietnam War, helping to establish the guerrilla infiltration force Project DELTA there. Following his return to the United States, Duncan became outspoken in his opposition to the conflict and became one of the leading public figures in opposition to the war. Duncan is best remembered as the military editor of the radical monthly magazine, Ramparts, during the Vietnam conflict and for his testimony to the 1967 Russell Tribunal detailing American war crimes in Vietnam.

Eisenhower, Milton S.– [20 Pages, 1.2MB] – Milton Stover Eisenhower (September 15, 1899 – May 2, 1985) was an American educational administrator. He served as president of three major American universities: Kansas State University, Pennsylvania State University, and Johns Hopkins University. He was the younger brother of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) – [9 Pages, 4.44 MB] – The Electronic Frontier Foundation is the leading nonprofit organization defending civil liberties in the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF champions user privacy, free expression, and innovation through impact litigation, policy analysis, grassroots activism, and technology development. We work to ensure that rights and freedoms are enhanced and protected as our use of technology grows.

 Elmhurst, Ernest F. – [445 Pages, 34MB] – Ernest Frederick Elmhurst, originally named Hermann Fleischkopf, was born on July 27, 1891, and passed away on March 1, 1967. He is most known for his book “The World Hoax” published in 1939. Elmhurst’s activities often placed him in controversial situations, notably his participation as an American delegate in the Pan-Aryan Anti-Jewish Union conference in Erfurt, Germany, in August 1937, sponsored by World Service. He also faced legal challenges, including his role as a defendant in the Great Sedition Trial of 1944. During this time, he worked as a head waiter at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington but was dismissed following the intervention of political gossip columnist Walter Winchell on his national radio show. Additionally, in October 1945, Elmhurst was arrested in New York City, along with others, on charges of unlawful assembly and selling pamphlets on Jewish ritual murder, resulting in a six-month sentence in a work house. Elmhurst also ventured into East Germany secretly in 1952 and 1956 to observe conditions in the communist country​​​​​​​​.

 Epstein, Hedy – [9 Pages, 245.7MB] – Hedy Epstein (August 15, 1924 – May 26, 2016) was a German-born Jewish-American political activist known for her support of the Palestinian cause through the International Solidarity Movement. Born in Freiburg to a Jewish family, she was rescued from Nazi Germany by the Kindertransport in 1939. She immigrated to the United States in 1948, and lived in St. Louis, Missouri, for many years.

Equifax – [41 Pages, 14.8MB] – Equifax Inc. is a data analytics and technology company that assists organizations and individuals in making informed business and personal decisions. Headquartered in Atlanta, Ga., Equifax operates or has investments in 24 countries in North America, Central and South America, Europe and the Asia Pacific region. It is a member of Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500® Index, and its common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol EFX. Equifax employs over 10,000 employees worldwide.

FBI Undercover Operations and Guidelines – [ File #1 ] – Although not a historical figure file, it does should the history of the FBI and the domestic surveillance programs. I felt it would be a fit here.

 Feeney, Leonard  – [233 Pages, 131MB]
 Feeney, Leonard Cross References  – [15 Pages, 7MB]Father Leonard Edward Feeney (February 18, 1897 – January 30, 1978) was an American Jesuit priest, poet, lyricist, and essayist. He articulated and defended a strict interpretation of the Roman Catholic doctrine, extra Ecclesiam nulla salus (“outside the Church there is no salvation”). He took the position that baptism of blood and baptism of desire are unavailing and that therefore no non-Catholics will be saved. Fighting against what he perceived to be the liberalization of Catholic doctrine, he came under ecclesiastical censure. He was described as Boston’s homegrown version of Father Charles Coughlin for his antisemitism.

Felt, Mark  – [233 Pages, 131MB] – William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was an American law enforcement officer who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1942 to 1973 and was known for his role in the Watergate scandal. Felt was an FBI special agent who eventually rose to the position of Associate Director, the Bureau’s second-highest-ranking post. Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau’s headquarters. In 1980 he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground, by ordering FBI agents to break into their homes and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine, but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. In 2005, at age 91, Felt revealed that during his tenure as associate director of the FBI he had been the notorious anonymous source known as “Deep Throat” who provided The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with critical information about the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Though Felt’s identity as Deep Throat was suspected, including by Nixon himself it had generally remained a secret for 30 years. Felt finally acknowledged that he was Deep Throat after being persuaded by his daughter to reveal his identity before his death.

 Fensterwald, Bernard  – [280 Pages, 160.8MB] – Bernard “Bud” Fensterwald Jr. (August 2, 1921 – April 2, 1991) was an American lawyer who defended James Earl Ray and James W. McCord Jr. Other notable clients included Mitch WerBell, Richard Case Nagell and the widow of John Paisley.

Field, Frederick Vanderbuilt – [283 Pages, 14MB] – Frederick Vanderbilt Field was an American leftist political activist and a great-great-grandson of railroad tycoon Cornelius “Commodore” Vanderbilt, disinherited by his wealthy relatives for his radical political views. Field became a specialist on Asia and was a prime staff member and supporter of the Institute of Pacific Relations. He also supported Henry Wallace’s Progressive Party and so many openly Communist organizations that he was accused of being a member of the Communist Party. He was a top target of the American government during the peak of 1950s McCarthyism. Field denied ever having been a party member but admitted in his memoirs, “I suppose I was what the Party called a ‘member at large.’”

 Fischer, Robert “Bobby” Release #1 – [ 14 Pages, 6.6 MB ]
 Fischer, Robert “Bobby” Release #2 – [ 10 Pages, 1.8 MB ] – Robert James “Bobby” Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American chess grandmaster, the eleventh World Chess Champion. Many consider him the greatest chess player of all time. In 1972, he captured the World Chess Championship from Boris Spassky of the USSR in a match held in Reykjavík, Iceland, publicized as a Cold War confrontation which attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title when an agreement could not be reached with FIDE, the game’s international governing body, over one of the conditions for the match. This allowed Soviet GM Anatoly Karpov, who had won the qualifying Candidates’ cycle, to become the new world champion by default under FIDE rules. There may be additional records, which I have requested. I will add them here, if they become available.

Fitzgerald, A. Ernest – [15 Pages, 160.8MB] – Arthur Ernest “Ernie” Fitzgerald (July 31, 1926 – January 31, 2019) was an American engineer, a member of the Senior Executive Service in the United States Air Force, and a prominent U.S. government whistleblower.

Ford, Henry – [ File #1 | File #2 | File #3 | File #4 | File #5 ] – These records consist of seven files involving Henry Ford on various subjects, such as his being the victim of an extortion attempt, kidnapping plots, jury tampering, and a State Department investigation.

FTX– [11 Pages, 3MB] – FTX, founded in 2017 by Sam Bankman-Fried and Gary Wang, rapidly emerged as one of the world’s leading cryptocurrency exchanges. It distinguished itself with a comprehensive range of products including derivatives, options, volatility products, and leveraged tokens. FTX was designed to cater to both retail and institutional traders, offering innovative features such as a centralized collateral pool and a tiered liquidation model, aimed at reducing clawback risks associated with leveraged trading. The platform quickly gained a reputation for its user-friendly interface, deep liquidity, and a robust, agile infrastructure that could handle high trading volumes and complex trading strategies. FTX’s growth trajectory and influence in the cryptocurrency market were significant, as it ventured into realms like tokenized stocks and prediction markets, further solidifying its position as a versatile and influential player in the digital asset space.

 Fusion GPS – [11 Pages, 3MB] – Fusion GPS is a commercial research and strategic intelligence firm based in Washington, D.C. The company conducts open-source investigations and provides research and strategic advice for businesses, law firms and investors, as well as for political inquiries, such as opposition research. The “GPS” initialism is derived from “Global research, Political analysis, Strategic insight”.

 Garment, Leonard – [ 338 Pages, 15.26 MB ] – Leonard Garment (May 11, 1924 – July 13, 2013) was an American attorney, public servant, and arts advocate. He served U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford in the White House in various positions from 1969 to 1976, including Counselor to the President, acting Special Counsel to Nixon for the last two years of his presidency, and U.S. Ambassador to the Third Committee at the United Nations.

 Garrison, Jim – [ 160 Pages, 10.13 MB ] – Earling Carothers “Jim” Garrison (November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992) – who changed his first name to Jim in the early 1960s – was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He was played by Kevin Costner in Oliver Stone’s JFK.Requesting additional records on Garrison, other than the above, the FBI informed me that records may have BEEN DESTROYED.  In addition, others may exist at the National Archives. I am awaiting a response.

 General Mills, Inc. – FBI Release #1 – [121 Pages, 70MB]
 General Mills, Inc. – FBI Release #2 – [423 Pages, 20MB]
 General Mills, Inc. – FBI Release #3 – [260 Pages, 150MB]
 General Mills, Inc. – FBI Release #4 – [25 Pages, 3.5MB] – General Mills, Inc., is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer foods sold through retail stores. It is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. The company markets many well-known North American brands, including Gold Medal flour, Annie’s Homegrown, Betty Crocker, Yoplait, Colombo, Totino’s, Pillsbury, Old El Paso, Häagen-Dazs, Cheerios, Trix, Cocoa Puffs, and Lucky Charms. Its brand portfolio includes more than 89 other leading U.S. brands and numerous category leaders around the world.

Giacchetto, Dana – FBI Release #1 – [583 Pages, 74.7MB]
Giacchetto, Dana – FBI Release #2 – [96 Pages, 3.6MB]
Giacchetto, Dana – US Marsha’s Release #1 [5 Pages, 4MB] – Dana Giacchetto rose to prominence as an investment adviser and social fixture in Manhattan during the nineties. Some of his clients included Leonardo DiCaprio, Cameron Diaz, Matt Damon, and so on. His career went on a downward spiral when he was arrested for misappropriating between $5 million and $10 million of clients’ funds.In 2000, Dana Giacchetto was sentenced to 57 months in prison for securities fraud after stealing between $5 and $10 million from clients at his company Cassandra Group. Giachetto had stolen money from accounts of non-celebrity clients to finance a high-flying lifestyle and give extraordinary returns or mask losses to star clients. He was released in 2003. Giacchetto, notorious both before and after his infamy for partying hard, was discovered by his roommate in his Upper East Side apartment following a bender that included a drunken scuffle with security guards at a Lower East Side club on Friday night. He was pronounced dead early Sunday, a New York Police Dept. official confirmed. Giacchetto was 53.

 Gillars, Mildred – [669 Pages, 321.6MB] – Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988), nicknamed “Axis Sally” along with Rita Zucca, was an American broadcaster employed by the Third Reich in Nazi Germany to disseminate propaganda during World War II. She was convicted of treason by the United States in 1949 following her capture in post-war Berlin.

Graham, Billy– [477 Pages, 295.3MB] – William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well-known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him “among the most influential Christian leaders” of the 20th century.

Gay, Oscar S.– [27 Pages, 2.95MB] – Oscar S. Gray is a distinguished legal scholar known for his expertise in the field of tort law. As a professor at the University of Maryland School of Law, he has made significant contributions to the understanding and development of tort law principles. Gray is renowned for his co-authorship of the seminal casebook “Harper, James and Gray on Torts,” which is widely used in law schools across the United States. His work has been influential in shaping the way tort law is taught and understood by legal professionals. With a career spanning several decades, Gray has earned a reputation as a leading authority in the field, and his contributions continue to impact the study and practice of tort law.

Greenberg, Jack– [58 Pages, 26MB] – Jack Greenberg (December 22, 1924 – October 12, 2016) was an American attorney and legal scholar. He was the Director-Counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1961 to 1984, succeeding Thurgood Marshall. He was involved in numerous crucial cases, including Brown v. Board of Education, which ended segregation in public schools.  In all, he argued 40 civil rights cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was Alphonse Fletcher Jr. Professor of Law Emeritus at Columbia Law School, and had previously served as dean of Columbia College and vice dean of Columbia Law School. He died on October 12, 2016.

Guccione, Robert “Bob” (Cross References) – [123 Pages, 20.4MB]
Guccione, Robert “Bob” (FBI Release #2) – [6 Pages, 20.4MB] – Robert Charles Joseph Edward Sabatini Guccione (December 17, 1930 – October 20, 2010) was an American photographer and the founder of the adult magazine Penthouse in 1965. This was aimed at competing with Hugh Hefner’s Playboy, but with more extreme erotic content, a special style of soft-focus photography, and in-depth reporting of government corruption scandals. By 1982 Guccione was listed in the Forbes 400 wealth list, and owned one of the biggest mansions in Manhattan. However, he made some extravagant investments that failed, and the growth of free online pornography in the 1990s greatly diminished his market. In 2003, Guccione’s publishers filed for bankruptcy and he resigned as chairman.

 Hahn, David Charles “The Radioactive Boy Scout” – [20 Pages, 7.9MB] – David Charles Hahn (October 30, 1976 – September 27, 2016), sometimes called the Radioactive Boy Scout or the Nuclear Boy Scout, was an American man who in 1994, at age 17, attempted to build a homemade breeder reactor. A scout in the Boy Scouts of America, Hahn conducted his experiments in secret in a backyard shed at his mother’s house in Commerce Township, Michigan. While his reactor never reached critical mass, Hahn attracted the attention of local police when he was stopped on another matter and they found material in his vehicle that troubled them, and he warned that it was radioactive. His mother’s property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site. Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled. While the incident was not widely publicized initially, it became better known following a 1998 Harper’s article by journalist Ken Silverstein. Hahn was also the subject of Silverstein’s 2004 book, The Radioactive Boy Scout.

Hammer, Armand – [ File #1 | File #2 | File #3 | File #4 | File #5 | File #6 | File #7 | File #8 | File #9 | File #10 | File #11 | File #12 ] – Noted entrepreneur and art collector Armand Hammer had extensive import-export dealings with the SovietUnion and personally negotiated with Premier Lenin during the 1920’s. He later went into the oil business and became head of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation.

 Hart, Pearl M. – [ 34 Pages, 1.76 MB ] – Pearl M. Hart (1890–1975) was a Chicago attorney notable for her work defending oppressed minority groups. Hart was the first woman in Chicago to be appointed Public Defender in the Morals Court. Most notably, she represented children, women, immigrants, lesbians, and gay men, often without fee or for a nominal fee. She attended The John Marshall Law School and was admitted to the Illinois State Bar in 1914.

 Highlander Folk School – [1,376 Pages, 64.50 MB] – The Highlander Folk School was originally established in Grundy County, Tennessee. When Highlander was founded in 1932, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression. Workers in all parts of the country were met with major resistance by employers when they tried to organize labor unions, especially in the South. Against that backdrop, Horton, West and Dombrowski created the Highlander School “to provide an educational center in the South for the training of rural and industrial leaders, and for the conservation and enrichment of the indigenous cultural values of the mountains.” Horton was influenced by observing rural adult education schools in Denmark started in the 19th century by Danish Lutheran Bishop N. F. S. Grundtvig.  During the 1930s and 1940s, the school’s main focus was labor education and the training of labor organizers. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

Hillel International– [288 Pages, 120MB] – Hillel International, founded in 1923 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world. Named after the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder, it aims to enrich the lives of Jewish students and support their Jewish identity and leadership development. Hillel operates on more than 550 college campuses across North America and globally, providing educational, cultural, and social programs. The organization fosters a welcoming and inclusive environment, encouraging students to explore and celebrate Jewish traditions and values. Through its various initiatives and activities, Hillel International plays a pivotal role in strengthening Jewish community life and ensuring the continuity of Jewish culture and heritage among young adults.

Hiss, Alger (Non Searchable PDF) – [15,823 Pages, 950MB] (Note: Very large file. Recommend right clicking and downloading to your hard drive)
Hiss, Alger (Searchable PDF .ZIP file) – [15,823 Pages, 7.5GB] (Note: Very large file. Recommend right clicking and downloading to your hard drive)
Hiss, Alger (Searchable PDF Directory Browse) – [15,823 Pages, Various Sizes]
Hiss, Alger (FBI “Vault” Release) – [271 Pages, 16.9MB] – Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet Union spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Before he was tried and convicted, he was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department official and as a U.N. official. In later life he worked as a lecturer and author.

History of the FBI (30 mb) – [ File #1 | File #2 | File #3 | File #4 | File #5 | File #6 | File #7 | File #8 ] – Although not a historical figure file, it does should the history of the FBI and the domestic surveillance programs. I felt it would be a fit here.

Hitler, Adolf – [742 Pages, 39.9 MB]
Hitler, Adolf – [3 Pages, 0.8MB] – After requesting additional records, I was informed that the remaining files pertaining to Adolf Hitler were destroyed on March 7, 1973.Adolph Hitler (1889-1945) was leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party and Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945; he led that country into World War II in 1939. The documents in this file range from 1933 to 1947, but primarily fall either in 1933 or between 1945 and 1947. In 1933, the FBI investigated an assassination threat made against Hitler. In the aftermath of Germany’s surrender in 1945, western Allied forces suspected that Hitler had committed suicide but did not immediately find evidence of his death. At the time, it was feared that Hitler may have escaped in the closing days of the war, and searches were made to determine if he was still alive. FBI Files indicate that the Bureau investigated some of the rumors of Hitler’s survival.

Holtec International – [8 Pages, 4.2MB] – Holtec International is a supplier of equipment and systems for the energy industry founded in Mount Laurel, New Jersey and based in Jupiter, Florida, United States. It specializes in the design and manufacture of parts for nuclear reactors. The company sells equipment to manage spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors. In July 2014, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority awarded Holtec International a $260 million tax incentive to expand operations at the Port of Camden. Those breaks have come under scrutiny. Holtec makes storage casks used for spent nuclear fuel. It intends to send spent fuel to a site in New Mexico, but has met with resistance. Holtec is scheduled to purchase Indian Point Energy Center from Entergy and decommission it starting in 2021.

Hook, Sidney – [152 Pages, 107.3MB] – Sidney Hook (December 20, 1902 – July 12, 1989) was an American philosopher of the Pragmatist school known for his contributions to the philosophy of history, the philosophy of education, political theory, and ethics. After embracing Communism in his youth, Hook was later known for his criticisms of totalitarianism, both fascism and Marxism–Leninism. A pragmatic social democrat, Hook sometimes cooperated with conservatives, particularly in opposing Communism. After World War II, he argued that members of such groups as the Communist Party USA and Leninists like Democratic centralists could ethically be barred from holding the offices of public trust because they called for the violent overthrow of democratic governments.

Hoover Institution (HQ1-5) – [ 355 Pages, 39.96 MB ] – The Hoover Institution is a conservative American public policy think tank located at Stanford University in California. Its official name is the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. It began as a library founded in 1919 by Republican Herbert Hoover, Stanford’s self-proclaimed first student, before he became President of the United States. The library, known as the Hoover Institution Library and Archives, houses multiple archives related to Hoover, World War I, World War II, and other world history. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

Hoover, J. Edgar – FBI’s “Vault” Release (Part 1-22) – [1,888 Pages, 82.9MB]
Hoover, J. Edgar – FBI Non-Vault Material, Release #1 – [398 Pages, 190MB] John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972), better known as J. Edgar Hoover, was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. He was appointed as the fifth director of the Bureau of Investigation — the FBI’s predecessor — in 1924 and was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972 at the age of 77. Hoover has been credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency than it was at its inception and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories.

 Horsley, Neal [57 Pages, 20.6 MB] – Otis O’Neal Horsley, Jr. (April 15, 1944 – April 13, 2015) was a militant anti-abortion activist and Christian Reconstructionist known for producing a website called the Nuremberg Files, which provided the home addresses of abortion providers in the United States.

 Hubbard, L. Ron  – FBI Release #1 – [1,225 Pages, 75 MB]
 Hubbard, L. Ron  – VA Release #1 (Large file – right click and “save as…” [472 Pages, 695MB] – Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a self-help system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and rituals as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation.

 Hubbard, Mary Sue – [339 Pages, 172.8MB] – Mary Sue Hubbard (June 17, 1931 – November 25, 2002) was the third wife of L. Ron Hubbard, from 1952 until his death in 1986. She was a leading figure in Scientology for much of her life. The Hubbards had four children; Diana (born 1952), Quentin (born 1954), Suzette (born 1955), and Arthur (born 1958). She became involved in Hubbard’s Dianetics in 1952, while still a student at the University of Texas at Austin, becoming a Dianetics auditor. She soon became involved in a relationship with Hubbard and married him in March 1952. She accompanied her husband to Phoenix, Arizona, where they established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists – the forerunner of the Church of Scientology, which was itself founded in 1953. She was credited with helping to coin the word “Scientology”. She played a leading role in the management of the Church of Scientology, rising to become the head of the Church’s Guardian’s Office (GO). In August 1978, she was indicted by the United States government on charges of conspiracy relating to illegal covert operations mounted by the Guardian’s Office against government agencies. She was convicted in December 1979 and was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment and the payment of a $10,000 fine. She was forced to resign her post in July 1981 and served a year in prison from January 1983, after exhausting her appeals against her conviction. In the late 1990s, she fell ill with breast cancer and died in 2002.

 Huskey, Harry – [29 Pages, 6.5MB] – Harry Douglas Huskey (January 19, 1916 – April 9, 2017) was an American computer design pioneer. Huskey designed and managed the construction of the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the National Bureau of Standards in Los Angeles (1949–1953). He also designed the G15 computer for Bendix Aviation Corporation, which could perhaps be considered as the first “personal” computer in the world. He had one at his home that is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

ILC Dover / International Latex Corporation – [155 Pages, 86MB] – ILC Dover, LP is a special engineering development and manufacturing company, globally headquartered in Newark, Delaware. ILC Dover specializes in the use of high-performance flexible materials, serving the aerospace, personal protection, and pharmaceutical industries. Best known for making space suits for NASA, ILC Dover outfitted every United States astronaut in the Apollo program, including the twelve that walked on the moon. ILC also designed and manufactured the Space Suit Assembly portion of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), worn by astronauts during performance of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) on Space Shuttle missions and on the International Space Station. Other ILC Dover products include the airbag landing devices for Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions; lighter-than-air vehicles, including airships, aerostats, and zeppelins; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) masks and hood systems; and flexible powder-containment solutions for the pharmaceutical industry.

In-Q-Tel (IQT) – [11 Pages, 1MB] – In-Q-Tel (IQT) is a strategic venture capital firm established in 1999 to bridge the technological innovation of the private sector with the national security needs of the United States. Operating as a nonprofit organization, IQT invests in early-stage companies to advance cutting-edge technologies that align with the mission objectives of U.S. intelligence and defense agencies, particularly the CIA, which was instrumental in its founding. Its portfolio spans areas such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, biotechnology, quantum computing, and data analytics, ensuring that the intelligence community has access to emerging tools to address complex global challenges. By fostering innovation and partnerships with startups, In-Q-Tel accelerates the adoption of critical capabilities while maintaining a focus on advancing national security interests.

Javits, Marian – [29 Pages, 6.5MB] – Marian Ann Borris Javits, sometimes Marion (1925 – February 28, 2017) was an American arts patron. She was married to the politician Jacob K. Javits from 1947 until his death in 1986.

 Jobs, Steve  – [191 Pages, 3.91 MB] – Steven Paul Jobs (1955-2011) was a founder and leader of Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer Inc.). In 1991, Jobs was considered for an appointed position on the U.S. President’s Export Council. This release consists of the FBI’s 1991 background investigation of Jobs for that position and a 1985 investigation of a bomb threat against Apple.

 Johnson, Clarence  Leonard “Kelly” – FBI Release #1 – [56 Pages, 30.5MB]
 Johnson, Clarence  Leonard “Kelly” – FBI Release #2 – [9 Pages, 2.6MB]Clarence Leonard “Kelly” Johnson (February 27, 1910 – December 21, 1990) was an American aeronautical and systems engineer. He is recognized for his contributions to a series of important aircraft designs, most notably the Lockheed U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird. Besides the first production aircraft to exceed Mach 3, he also produced the first fighter capable of Mach 2, the United States’ first operational jet fighter, as well as the first U.S. fighter to exceed 400 mph, and many other contributions to a large number of aircraft. As a member and first team leader of the Lockheed Skunk Works, Johnson worked for more than four decades and is said to have been an “organizing genius”. He played a leading role in the design of over forty aircraft, including several honored with the prestigious Collier Trophy, acquiring a reputation as one of the most talented and prolific aircraft design engineers in the history of aviation. In 2003, as part of its commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ flight, Aviation Week & Space Technology ranked Johnson 8th on its list of the top 100 “most important, most interesting, and most influential people” in the first century of aerospace. Hall Hibbard, Johnson’s Lockheed boss, referring to Johnson’s Swedish ancestry once remarked to Ben Rich: “That damned Swede can actually see air.”

 Juggalos – FBI Release #1 – [123 Pages, 60.1MB]
 Juggalos – FBI Release #2 – [33 Pages, 2.2MB]
 Additional records are being denied, as of December 19, 2017, due to a law enforcement investigation (FOIA Exemption (b)(7)(e)  – Juggalo gangs are criminal groups using the name and associated imagery from Juggalo culture, dedicated fans of the rap group Insane Clown Posse or any other Psychopathic Records artist.[5][1][2][3][6] As a result, Juggalos have been classified as a criminal street gang by government and law enforcement agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[3] the National Gang Intelligence Center, and the states of Arizona, California, Pennsylvania, and Utah. Juggalo gang sets have been documented by law enforcement in at least 21 states, including those that do not recognize Juggalos as a gang at the state level.

 Kaufman, Mary Metlay  – [1,158 Pages, 52.6 MB] – Mary Kaufman began her career as a labor attorney in New York City in the 1930s. In 1947, she served on the prosecution team of the U.S. Military War Crimes Tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany. From 1948 to 1960, her practice consisted primarily of defending state and national leaders of the U.S. Communist Party indicted under the Smith Act. She also represented individuals called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and the Subversive Activities Control Board. Kaufman was active in the National Lawyers’ Guild from its inception in the 1930s, and became the first Director of the Guild’s Mass Defense Office in New York City in 1968, supervising the defense of hundreds arrested in political actions. From 1972 to 1976, she taught legal studies as a visiting professor at Antioch College in Ohio, and Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass. She taught courses in labor law; McCarthyism; Nuremberg and international law; racism and the law; and political trials of the 20th Century.

 Keating, Charles – [122 Pages, 61.66MB] – Charles Humphrey Keating, Jr. (December 4, 1923 – March 31, 2014) was an American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, financier, and activist best known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.

Kennan, George – [732 Pages, 55.61 MB] – George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American adviser, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as “the father of containment” and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Soviet Union and the Western powers. He was also a core member of the group of foreign policy elders known as “The Wise Men”. Additional records on Kennan are considered classifed.

Knott, Walter – [55 Pages, 19.8MB] – Walter Marvin Knott (December 11, 1889 – December 3, 1981) was an American farmer who created the Knott’s Berry Farm amusement park in California, introduced the Boysenberry, and made Knott’s Berry Farm boysenberry preserves. Knott was born in San Bernardino, California, and grew up in Pomona, California. In the 1920s, Knott was a somewhat unsuccessful farmer whose fortunes changed when he nursed several abandoned berry plants back to health. The hybrid boysenberry, named after its creator, Rudolph Boysen, was a cross between a blackberry, red raspberry and loganberry. The huge berries were a hit, and the Knott family sold berries, preserves and pies from a Buena Park, California roadside stand. In 1934, Knott’s wife Cordelia (née Hornaday, January 23, 1890 – April 12, 1974) began serving fried chicken dinners, and within a few years, lines outside the restaurant were often several hours long.

Koch, Frederick Chase – [732 Pages, 89.1MB] – Fred Chase Koch (September 23, 1900 – November 17, 1967) was an American chemical engineer and entrepreneur who founded the oil refinery firm that later became Koch Industries, a privately held company which, under the principal ownership and leadership of Koch’s sons, Charles and David, is listed by Forbes, as of 2015, as the second-largest privately held company in the United States.

Koischwitz, Max Otto – [337 Pages, 17.4MB] – Max Otto Koischwitz (February 19, 1902 – August 31, 1944) was a naturalized American of German descent who became notorious for his role in disseminating Nazi propaganda to American audiences during World War II. After an academic career at Hunter College, his shift to pro-Nazi sentiment led him back to Germany, where he teamed up with ‘Axis Sally’ Mildred Gillars to broadcast messages aimed at demoralizing Allied troops. Indicted for treason by the United States in 1943, Koischwitz evaded trial due to his death in Berlin from tuberculosis and heart failure in 1944, with the charges against him subsequently dropped for lack of evidence​.

Konami – [65 Pages, 6.3MB] – Konami is a renowned Japanese entertainment company specializing in video game development and publishing, as well as creating trading card games, arcade machines, and fitness equipment. Founded in 1969 by Kagemasa Kozuki, the company gained global recognition with iconic video game franchises such as Metal Gear, Silent Hill, Castlevania, Pro Evolution Soccer (PES), and Contra. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, Konami has diversified its offerings beyond video games, with ventures in amusement parks, pachinko machines, and fitness clubs. Known for its innovative approach and contributions to gaming culture, Konami remains a significant force in the global entertainment industry.

Koresh, David – [ File #1 | File #2 ] – David Koresh (born Vernon Wayne Howell; August 17, 1959 – April 19, 1993) was the American leader of the Branch Davidians religious sect, believing himself to be its final prophet. Howell legally changed his name to David Koresh on May 15, 1990 (Koresh being the Persian name of Cyrus the Great (کوروش, Kurosh). A 1993 raid by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the subsequent siege by the FBI ended with the burning of the Branch Davidian ranch outside of Waco, Texas, in McLennan County. Koresh, 54 other adults, and 28 children were found dead after the fire.

Kuhn, Fritz Julius – FBI Release #1 – [50 Pages, 62MB]
Kuhn, Fritz Julius – FBI VAULT Release #1-10 – [1,069 Pages, 4.2MB] – Fritz Julius Kuhn was a German-American fascist leader born in Munich, Germany in 1896. He served in the German army during World War I before immigrating to the United States in 1923. Kuhn became the leader of the German American Bund, an organization that promoted Nazism and anti-Semitism in the United States during the 1930s. Kuhn’s leadership was marked by controversy, including allegations of embezzlement and a widely publicized rally at Madison Square Garden in 1939 that turned violent. He was eventually convicted of embezzlement and deported to Germany in 1945. Kuhn’s life serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of extremist ideologies and the importance of protecting democratic values.

Kullback, Solomon – FBI Release – [188 Pages, 123.9MB]
Kullback, Solomon – INSCOM Release – [33 Pages, 6.9MB]Solomon Kullback (April 3, 1907 – August 5, 1994) was an American cryptanalyst and mathematician, who was one of the first three employees hired by William F. Friedman at the US Army’s Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, along with Frank Rowlett and Abraham Sinkov. He went on to a long and distinguished career at SIS and its eventual successor, the National Security Agency (NSA). Kullback was the Chief Scientist at the NSA until his retirement in 1962, whereupon he took a position at the George Washington University.

Lear, William – [14 Pages, 3 MB] – William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for founding the Lear Jet Corporation, a manufacturer of business jets. He also invented the battery eliminator for the B battery, and developed the 8-track cartridge, an audio tape system. Throughout his career of 46 years, Lear received over 120 patents.

LeFevre, Robert – [ 90 Pages, 29.88 MB ] – Robert LeFevre (13 October 1911 – 13 May 1986) was an American libertarian businessman, radio personality, and primary theorist of autarchism. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

Levison, Stanley – FBI “VAULT” Release: – [Part 01|Part 02|Part 03|Part 04|Part 05|Part 06|Part 07|Part 8a|Part 8b|Part 9a|Part 9b|Part 10a|Part 10b|Part 11a|Part 11b|Part 12a|Part 12b|Part 13a|Part 13b|Part 13c|Part 14a|Part 14b|Part 14c] – This FBI file consists of security investigations of Stanley Levison from the 1950’s through the early 1970’s. Levison was a key advisor to Martin Luther King, Jr.
 Levison, Stanley – FBI Release #2 (Not on “VAULT” above) – [73 Pages, 40MB] – Stanley David Levison (May 2, 1912 – September 12, 1979) was an American businessman and lawyer who became a lifelong activist in progressive causes. He is best known as an advisor to, and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr., for whom he helped write speeches, raise funds, and organize events.

Lewis, John L. – [Part 01[1,605 Pages, 81mb]  |Part 02[ 1,088 Pages, 45mb] ] – John L. Lewis, leader of the United Mine Workers of America, along with three other mine officials, was investigated on charges of violating Section 51 of Title 18 of the United States Code. Between 1937 and 1941 they were accused of conspiring to oppress employees from the Mine “B” in Springfield, Illinois from exercising their rights secured to them by the National Labor Relations Act. After a full investigation by the FBI, the Department of Justice decided not to prosecute the case and it was closed in 1943.

 Liedtke, John Hugh – [147 Pages, 8MB] – John Hugh Liedtke (February 10, 1922 – March 28, 2003) was an American petroleum executive. Liedtke moved to Midland, Texas, then opened a law practice with his brother, William, in 1949.  With the future President of the United States George H.W. Bush, the two brothers co-founded the Zapata Corporation in 1953.  In the 1960s the Liedtke brothers acquired control of the South Penn Oil Company and merged it with Zapata to form a new company they called Pennzoil. In the 1980s, during his time as CEO of Pennzoil, he led the company to a court victory over Texaco.

 Liedtke, William – [90 Pages, 5MB] – William C. “Bill” Liedtke Jr (September 27, 1924 — March 1, 1991) was an American petroleum executive, best known as the co-founder of Pennzoil with his older brother J. Hugh Liedtke.

Lindbergh, Charles – [ Part 1a | Part 1b | Part 2a | Part 2b | Part 2c | Part 3a | Part 3b | Part 4a |Part 4b | Part 4c | Part 5a | Part 5b | Part 6a | Part 6b | Part 7a | Part 7b ] – Many citizens wrote to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover indicating their mistrust of Lindbergh. The populous questioned Lindbergh’s loyalty to the United States. This file consists of letters sent to Director Hoover and newspaper articles written about Mr. Lindbergh.

 Maheu, Robert – [129 Pages, 8MB] – Robert Aime Maheu (October 30, 1917 – August 4, 2008) was an American businessman and lawyer, who worked for the FBI and CIA, and as the chief executive of Nevada operations for the industrialist Howard Hughes.

 Mandela, Nelson – [ 344 Pages, 15.77MB ] – Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was South Africa’s first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

 Marshall, Thurgood – [1,409 Pages, 47.17MB] – Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African American justice. Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, a decision that desegregated public schools. He served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor General after being appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967.

 Masel, Bennett – [365 Pages, 210MB] – Bennett A. “Ben” Masel (October 17, 1954 – April 30, 2011) was an American writer, publisher, cannabis rights and free speech activist, expert witness for marijuana defendants, and frequent candidate for public office. A skilled chess player, Masel was director of Wisconsin NORML, and organizer of Weedstock and the annual Great Midwest Marijuana Harvest Festival which has been held in front of the Wisconsin State Capitol every autumn since 1971.

 McCorvey, Norma aka Jane Roe of “Roe v. Wade” – [32 Pages, 13.1MB] – Norma Leah McCorvey Nelson; September 22, 1947 – February 18, 2017), better known by the legal pseudonym “Jane Roe”, was the plaintiff in the landmark American lawsuit Roe v. Wade in 1973. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individual state laws banning abortion are unconstitutional. Later, McCorvey’s views on abortion changed substantially; she became a Roman Catholic activist in the pro-life movement.

 McDonnel Aircraft Corporation – [8 Pages, 0.8MB] – The McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer based in St. Louis, Missouri. The company was founded on July 6, 1939 by James Smith McDonnell, and was best known for its military fighters, including the F-4 Phantom II, and manned spacecraft including the Mercury capsule and Gemini capsule. McDonnell Aircraft later merged with the Douglas Aircraft Company to form McDonnell Douglas in 1967.

Mellon, Matthew – [5 Pages, 1MB] – Matthew Taylor Mellon II (January 28, 1964 – April 16, 2018) was an American businessman who was a chairman of the New York Republican State Committee’s finance committee.

Mitrokhin, Vasili Nikitich – [8 Pages, 0.5MB] – Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin (Russian: Васи́лий Ники́тич Митро́хин; March 3, 1922 – January 23, 2004) was a major and senior archivist for the Soviet Union’s foreign intelligence service, the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, who defected to the United Kingdom in 1992 after providing the British embassy in Riga with a vast collection of his notes purporting to be written copies of KGB files. These became known as the Mitrokhin Archive. The intelligence files given by Mitrokhin to the MI6 exposed an unknown number of Russian agents, including Melita Norwood. He was co-author with Christopher Andrew of The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, a massive account of Soviet intelligence operations based on copies of material from the archive. The second volume, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB in the World, was published in 2005, soon after Mitrokhin’s death.

 Moon, Sun Myung – [891 Pages, 61.76MB] – Sun Myung Moon (25 February 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, businessman, and political activist.  A messiah claimant, he was the founder of the Unification Church (members of which considered him and his wife Hak Ja Han to be their “True Parents”),  and of its widely noted “Blessing” or mass wedding ceremony, and the author of its unique theology the Divine Principle. He was an ardent anti-communist and advocate for Korean reunification, for which he was recognized by the governments of both South and North Korea. His business interests included News World Communications, an international news media corporation known for its American subsidiary The Washington Times, and Tongil Group, a South Korean business group (chaebol), as well as various affiliated organizations.

 Morros, Boris – FBI Release #1 – [153 Pages, 88.9MB]
 Morros, Boris – FBI Release #2 – [243 Pages, 88.9MB] -Boris Morros (1891–1963) was a Russian-born American film producer, music director, and double agent who played a fascinating role during the Cold War. After immigrating to the United States in the 1920s, he became a prominent figure in Hollywood, working with Paramount Pictures and producing films such as The Flying Deuces with Laurel and Hardy. In the 1930s, he was recruited by the Soviet NKVD to assist in espionage efforts, but by the late 1940s, he began cooperating with the FBI as a counterspy. Morros helped expose Soviet spy networks in the U.S. while continuing to pose as a loyal agent for the Soviets. His story was later dramatized in the 1960 film Man on a String, in which he co-wrote the screenplay and shared details of his life undercover.

 Myrdal, Karl – Cross References – [25 Pages, 2MB] – Karl Gunnar Myrdal (6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedish economist and sociologist. In 1974, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with Friedrich Hayek for “their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.” When his wife, Alva Myrdal, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, they became the fourth ever married couple to have won Nobel Prizes, and the first to win independent of each other (versus a shared Nobel Prize by scientist spouses). He is best known in the United States for his study of race relations, which culminated in his book An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. The study was influential in the 1954 landmark U.S. Supreme Court Decision Brown v. Board of Education. In Sweden, his work and political influence were important to the establishment of the Folkhemmet and the welfare state. Myrdal and his wife were staunch believers in Social engineering (political science).

 National Rifle Association (NRA) HQ1 – [211 Pages, 24.08MB] – The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1871 that promotes firearm competency, safety, and ownership, as well as police training, marksmanship, hunting and self-defense training in the United States. The NRA is also one of the United States’ largest certifying bodies for firearm safety training and proficiency training courses for police departments, recreational hunting, and child firearm safety. The organization publishes several magazines and sponsors marksmanship events featuring shooting skill and sports.This release of documents concerned the FBI’s investigation into the NRA through the 1950s and 1960s, and the public outrage. Very interesting to read the letters submitted to the FBI regarding their probe of the organization. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

 Nation of Islam – [321 Pages, 15.2MB] – The Nation of Islam (NOI) is an Islamic religious movement founded in Detroit, United States, by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4, 1930. The Nation of Islam’s stated goals are to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African Americans in the United States and all of humanity.

 National Black Network (NBN) – [5 Pages, 1.6MB] – The National Black Network, or NBN, began operation in July 1973 as the first coast-to-coast radio network wholly owned by African Americans.

 National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia – [31 Pages, 13.9MB] – The National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia is an American 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that is concerned with the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. According to the group’s web site, its sole purpose is “to obtain the release of all prisoners, the fullest possible accounting for the missing and repatriation of all recoverable remains of those who died serving our nation during the Vietnam War in Southeast Asia.” The League’s most prominent symbol is its famous POW/MIA flag.

 National States’ Rights Party – [69 Pages, 5.21MB] – The National States’ Rights Party was a far right, white supremacist party that briefly played a minor role in the politics of the United States.

 Nordstrom, Inc. – FBI Release #1 – [233 Pages, 9MB]
 Nordstrom, Inc. – FBI Release #2 – [139 Pages, 76MB]
 Nordstrom, Inc. – FBI Release #3 – [5  Pages, 76MB] – Nordstrom, Inc. is an American luxury department store chain. Founded in 1901 by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin, it originated as a shoe store and evolved into a full-line retailer with departments for clothing, footwear, handbags, jewelry, accessories, cosmetics, and fragrances. Some stores feature home furnishings and wedding departments, and several have in-house cafes, restaurants, and espresso bars.

 North American Friends of Cuba – [168 Pages, 27MB] – During the 1960s, the “North American Friends of Cuba” emerged as a grassroots coalition united by a common interest in supporting the Cuban Revolution’s ideals and advocating for a constructive dialogue between Cuba and North America. Amidst the Cold War tensions and the U.S. embargo against Cuba, the organization worked to challenge the prevailing narratives, aiming to provide a more nuanced view of the Cuban social and political changes. Its members engaged in organizing educational events, circulating publications, and facilitating humanitarian aid, all while promoting the end of the embargo and fostering peaceful relations, at a time when global geopolitics were deeply divided.

 Olsen, Kenneth – FBI Release #1 – [337 Pages, 160MB]
 Olsen, Kenneth – FBI Release #2 – [311 Pages, 100MB]
 Olsen, Kenneth – FBI Release #3 – [6 Pages, 1MB] – Kenneth Harry “Ken” Olsen (February 20, 1926 – February 6, 2011) was an American engineer who co-founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1957 with colleague Harlan Anderson and his brother Stan Olsen. The FBI, in addition to the document releases above, sent a disc of the following photographs:

 Otash, Fred – [42 Pages, 25.1MB] – Fred Otash (January 7, 1922 – October 5, 1992) was a Hollywood police officer, private investigator, and author. Fred Otash has been interviewed numerous times in the media, including in 1957 by Mike Wallace, which can be viewed online at the University of Texas.  Otash worked for Hollywood Research Incorporated, which did business with the tabloid magazine Confidential.  He is also known for being hired by Peter Lawford to investigate Marilyn Monroe.  Fred Otash also was involved in the investigation of the “Wrong Door Raid” involving Frank Sinatra. Otash died at the age of 70 on October 5, 1992. Otash suffered from emphysema and high blood pressure. He wrote about his life in his memoir, Investigation Hollywood: Memoirs Of Hollywood’s Top Private Detective. Fred Otash was the youngest of 6 children and is survived by his daughter, Colleen Otash, and his four sisters, Evelyn Abisalih, Grace Steiner, Selma Otash and Lila Merhige, and one brother Mitchel.

 Pacepa, Ion Mihai – [9 Pages, 2.86MB] – Ion Mihai Pacepa (28 October 1928 – 14 February 2021) was a Romanian two-star general in the Securitate, the secret police of the Socialist Republic of Romania, who defected to the United States in July 1978 following President Jimmy Carter’s approval of his request for political asylum. He was the highest-ranking defector from the former Eastern Bloc, and wrote books and articles on the inner workings of communist intelligence services. His best known work is the book Disinformation. At the time of his defection, Pacepa simultaneously had the rank of advisor to President Nicolae Ceauşescu, acting chief of his foreign intelligence service and a state secretary of Romania’s Ministry of Interior. Subsequently, he worked with the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in operations against the former Eastern Bloc. The CIA described his cooperation as “an important and unique contribution to the United States”.

 Palfrey, Deborah Jeane – The “D.C. Madame” – [65 Pages, 28.3MB] – Deborah Jeane Palfrey (March 18, 1956 – May 1, 2008) (dubbed the D.C. Madam by the news media) operated Pamela Martin and Associates, an escort agency in Washington, D.C. Although she maintained that the company’s services were legal, she was convicted on April 15, 2008 of racketeering, using the mail for illegal purposes, and money laundering. Slightly over two weeks later, facing a prison sentence of five or six years, she was found hanged. Autopsy results and the final police investigative report concluded that her death was a “suicide”.

 Penkovsky, Oleg – FBI Release #1 – [307 Pages, 21MB]
 Penkovsky, Oleg – FBI Release #2 – [22 Pages, 1MB] – Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky (23 April 1919 – 16 May 1963), codenamed HERO, was a Soviet military intelligence (GRU) colonel during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Penkovsky was responsible for informing the United Kingdom about the Soviet emplacement of missiles in Cuba, thus providing both the UK and the United States with the precise knowledge necessary to address rapidly developing military tensions with the Soviet Union. He was the highest ranking Soviet official to provide intelligence for the UK up until that time, and is one of several individuals credited with altering the course of the Cold War.

 Phelps, Fred Waldron – [232 Pages, 11.1MB] – Fred Waldron Phelps, Sr. (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was an American pastor who headed the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an independent Baptist church based in Topeka, Kansas. Phelps attained notoriety primarily from his vehemently anti-gay activism and his picketing of funerals of homosexuals and soldiers.

 Pipes, Richard – [141 Pages, 8.5MB] – Richard Edgar Pipes (July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American academic who specialized in Russian history, particularly with respect to the Soviet Union, who espoused a strong anti-communist point of view throughout his career. In 1976, he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes was the father of American historian Daniel Pipes.

 Planned Parenthood – FBI Release #1 – [109 Pages, 49.7MB]
 Planned Parenthood – FBI Quote for Remainder of File – [3 Pages, 1.1MB] The FBI estimates there are more than 200,000 pages still to be released on Planned Parenthood.  The cost for release on CD-ROMs is $6,025.00.Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or Planned Parenthood, is a nonprofit organization that provides reproductive health care in the United States and globally. It is a tax-exempt corporation under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3)[4] and a member association of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). PPFA has its roots in Brooklyn, New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. in 1916. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which changed its name to Planned Parenthood in 1942. PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services, including abortion, in the U.S. In their 2014 Annual Report, PPFA reported seeing over 2.5 million patients in over 4 million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9.5 million discrete services including 324,000 abortions. Its combined annual revenue is US$1.3 billion, including approximately US$530 million in government funding such as Medicaid reimbursements. Throughout its history, PPFA and its member clinics have experienced support, controversy, protests, and violent attacks.

 Popkin, Richard – [16 Pages, 1.2MB] – Richard Henry Popkin (December 27, 1923 – April 14, 2005) was an academic philosopher who specialized in the history of enlightenment philosophy and early modern anti-dogmatism. His 1960 work The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes introduced one previously unrecognized influence on Western thought in the seventeenth century, the Pyrrhonian Scepticism of Sextus Empiricus. Popkin also was an internationally acclaimed scholar on Christian millenarianism and Jewish messianism.

 Possony, Stefan – [270 Pages, 185MB] – Stefan Thomas Possony (March 15, 1913 – April 26, 1995) was an Austrian-born US economist and military strategist and a Senior Fellow and director of International Studies at the Hoover Institution. He conceived the US Strategic Defense Initiative.

 Priebke, Erich (FBI File Release #1) – [19 Pages, 24.57MB]
 Priebke, Erich (FBI File Release #2) – [11 Pages, 0.7MB]
 Priebke, Erich (Department of State Release #1)
 Priebke, Erich (Department of State Release #2) – [67 Pages, 1.2MB] Erich Priebke (29 July 1913 – 11 October 2013) was a German Hauptsturmführer (Captain) in the SS police force (Sipo). In 1996 he was convicted of war crimes in Italy, for participating in the massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome on 24 March 1944. 335 Italian civilians (among them 75 Italians of Jewish ancestry) were killed in retaliation for a partisan attack that killed 33 German soldiers. Priebke was one of those held responsible for this mass execution. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, he received help from a bishop stationed in Rome and fled to Argentina on a Vatican passport, where he lived for over 50 years.

 Process Church of the Final Judgement – FBI Release #1 – [95 Pages, 26.7MB]
 Process Church of the Final Judgement – FBI Release #2 – [152 Pages, 8.4MB]
 Process Church of the Final Judgement (IRS Release) – [73 Pages, 11.5MB] – The Process Church of the Final Judgment, commonly known as the Process Church, was a religious group established in London in 1966. Its founders were the British couple Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston and it spread across parts of the United Kingdom and United States during the latter 1960s and 1970s.

 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) – [123 Pages, 74.2MB] – The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, PBS is an independently operated non-profit organization and is the most prominent provider of television programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing series such as NOVA, Sesame Street, PBS NewsHour, Masterpiece, Nature, American Masters, Frontline, and Antiques Roadshow.

This FOIA request began with a $300 estimate on fees ($95 for CD-ROM version), which, although I would normally deny, I was graciously given an anonymous agreement that another person wanted the file released, and would pay the fees.  So, I agreed to the fees, and the request was to be processed accordingly.  Yet, strangely, I was informed there were only 118 pages to be released.  Regardless the reason for this mix-up, here is the file in it’s entirety, along with the original quote letter, and final response.

 Queen Elizabeth II – [107 Pages, 94MB] – Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history.

 Radioplane Company – FBI Release #1 – [19 Pages, 1.3MB]
 Radioplane Company – FBI Release #2 – [6 Pages, 3MB] – The Radioplane Company was an American aviation company that produced drone aircraft primarily for use as gunnery targets. During World War II, they produced over 9,400 of their Radioplane OQ-3 model, a propeller-powered monoplane, making it the most-used target aircraft in the US. In the post-World War II era they introduced their Radioplane BTT series, which was produced for years and eventually reached almost 60,000 examples. They also produced several radio control and self-guided missiles, the largest being the GAM-67 Crossbow, which didn’t enter service. The company was purchased by Northrop Corporation in 1952, and moved to one of Northrop’s factories in 1962. One of the last projects carried out at the original Radioplane factory in Van Nuys, California, was the construction of the Gemini Paraglider.

 Ratzinger, Joseph (Pope Benedict XVI) – [16 Pages, 3MB] – Joseph Ratzinger, born on April 16, 1927, in Marktl am Inn, Germany, is a distinguished theologian, scholar, and prelate who served as the 265th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013 under the name Pope Benedict XVI. Known for his intellectual rigor, Ratzinger held various academic and ecclesiastical roles, including serving as Archbishop of Munich and Freising and as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. As Pope, he focused on the preservation of traditional Catholic teachings and values, fostering interfaith dialogue, and addressing pressing issues such as the sexual abuse scandal within the Church. Ratzinger made history as the first Pope to resign in nearly 600 years, citing his declining health.

 Redstone, Sumner – FBI Release #1 – [641 Pages, 400MB]
 Redstone, Sumner – FBI Release #2 – [531 Pages, 37.9MB] – Sumner Murray Redstone (né Rothstein; May 27, 1923 – August 11, 2020) was an American billionaire businessman and media magnate. He was the founder and chairman of the second incarnation of Viacom which was dissolved in 2019 (a year before Redstone’s death) and was the majority owner and chairman of the National Amusements theater chain. Through National Amusements, Redstone, up until his death, was, and his family remains, majority voting shareholder of mass media conglomerate ViacomCBS, in turn, the parent company of the Paramount Pictures film studio, the CBS television network, and various cable networks. According to Forbes, as of April 2020, he was worth US$2.6 billion.Note: There are approximately 3,064 pages remaining, costing $100 to receive. CONTACT The Black Vault if you would like to sponsor the file.

 Retail Credit Company (Equifax) – [62 Pages, 5MB] – Equifax was founded by Cator and Guy Woolford in Atlanta, Georgia, as Retail Credit Company in 1899. Equifax Inc. is an American multinational consumer credit reporting agency and is one of the three largest consumer credit reporting agencies, along with Experian and TransUnion (together known as the “Big Three”). Equifax collects and aggregates information on over 800 million individual consumers and more than 88 million businesses worldwide. In addition to credit and demographic data and services to business, Equifax sells credit monitoring and fraud prevention services directly to consumers.

 Rockefeller, Laurance – [22 Pages, 3.9MB]
 Rockefeller, Laurance – FBI Cross References – [11 Pages, 5.2MB] – Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (May 26, 1910 – July 11, 2004) was an American businessman, financier, philanthropist and major conservationist. He was a prominent third-generation member of the Rockefeller family, being the fourth child of John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and Abigail Greene “Abby” Aldrich. His siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Winthrop, and David.

 Rockefeller, Margaretta Happy – FBI Release #1 – [653 Pages, 314.4MB]
 Rockefeller, Margaretta Happy – FBI Release #2 – [19 Pages, 9.2MB] -Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy “Happy” Rockefeller (June 9, 1926 – May 19, 2015) was a philanthropist and the second wife of the 49th Governor of New York and 41st Vice President of the United States, Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979). She was First Lady of New York from her marriage to then-Governor Rockefeller in 1963 until he left office in 1973, and Second Lady of the United States from her husband’s swearing in as Vice President on December 19, 1974 until his term ended on January 20, 1977.

 Rosenberg, Anna M.– [ File #1 18.71MB |  | File #2 34.90MB | File #3 30.93MB | File #4 19.03MB  | File #5 14.24MB  | File #6 17.96MB | File #7 23.96MB  | File #8 20.64MB  | File #9 12.08MB | File #10 4.04MB | File #11 7.53MB  | File #12 20.42MB  | File #13 1.00MB ] [1,843 Total Pages ] – Anna Marie Rosenberg, (June 19, 1902 – May 9, 1983), later Anna Rosenberg Hoffman, was a public official and businesswoman. Born in Budapest, Anna Lederer immigrated with her family to the US in 1912. In 1919 she married Julius Rosenberg, a Jewish American member of the upper class (not to be confused with nuclear spy Julius Rosenberg). During World War II, she served in numerous government positions including regional director of the War Manpower Commission from 1942 to 1945. She ran a consulting business, with customers that included large businesses and public figures. She was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1945, and was a recipient of the Medal for Merit in 1947, along with two other women, Mary Shotwell Ingraham and Elmira Bears Wickenden. In late 1950, she was nominated for assistant Secretary of Defense. Joseph McCarthy and his staff launched an all-out campaign to oppose her nomination, but she was recommended by the Senate Armed Services Committee. In spite of all opposition, in November 1950 she was named assistant Secretary of Defense, a post she held until January 1953.

 Russell, Bertrand – [337 Pages, 119.5MB] – Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had “never been any of these things, in any profound sense”. He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. Russell mostly was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism.  Occasionally, he advocated preventive nuclear war, before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly is gone, and “welcomed with enthusiasm” world government. He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I.  Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”.

 Said, Edward – [171 Pages, 95.6MB] – Edward Wadie Said (November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of post-colonial studies. Born in Mandatory Palestine, Said was an American citizen from birth by way of his father Wadir Saïd, a U.S. Army veteran of the First World War (1914–18).  Educated in the Western canon, at British and American schools, Said applied his education and bi-cultural perspective to illuminating the gaps of cultural and political understanding between the Western world and the Eastern world, especially about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the Middle East. His main influences were Antonio Gramsci, Michel Foucault, and Theodor Adorno.  This is the complete file, as verified with the FBI October 18, 2016. 

 Sandground, Mark – [56 Pages, 27MB] – Mark Sandground was a well known divorce lawyer.

 Saudi Aramco / Saudi Arabian Oil Company  – [543 Pages, 95.6MB] – Saudi Aramco (Arabic: أرامكو السعودية‎ ʾArāmkū s-Saʿūdiyyah), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (formerly Arabian-American Oil Company), is a Saudi Arabian multinational petroleum and natural gas company based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue. Saudi Aramco has both the world’s second-largest proven crude oil reserves, at more than 270 billion barrels (4.3×1010 m3),[8] and largest daily oil production of all oil producing companies.

 Scalia, Antonin – [796 Page, 334MB] – Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the Court’s conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century,[8] and one of the most important justices in the Supreme Court’s history. Scalia was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018 by President Donald Trump, and the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University was named in his honor.

 Schuller, Robert H. – [1 Page, 0.9MB] – Robert Harold Schuller (September 16, 1926 – April 2, 2015) was an American Christian televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. In his five decades of television, Schuller was principally known for the weekly Hour of Power television program, which he began hosting in 1970 until his retirement in 2010. Schuller began broadcasting the program from the Neutra Sanctuary, with the encouragement of longtime friend Billy Graham after Schuller visited him in 1969. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the Hour of Power program was later broadcast.

There is believed to be a file on Robert Schuller, but the FBI claims it was in a facility devastated by a flood, so it is inaccessible. I am continuing to attempt to access the records, and will post updates when they happen.

 Sheinbaum, Stanley – FBI Release #1 – [355 Page, 14MB]
 Sheinbaum, Stanley – FBI Release #2 – [53 Page, 3MB] – Stanley K. Sheinbaum (June 12, 1920 – September 12, 2016) was an American peace and human rights activist. In 1971, Sheinbaum was asked to help organize the Daniel Ellsberg Pentagon Papers defense team. He helped assemble the team of attorneys and became the main fundraiser and spokesperson, raising nearly one million dollars from over 25,000 contributors.

 Silkwood, Karen Gay – [537 Pages, 33.2MB] – Karen Gay Silkwood (February 19, 1946 – November 13, 1974) was an American chemical technician and labor union activist known for raising concerns about corporate practices related to health and safety of workers in a nuclear facility. Her mysterious death received extensive coverage and was the subject of a victorious lawsuit against chemical company Kerr-McGee. Silkwood was portrayed by Meryl Streep in Mike Nichols’ 1983 Academy Award-nominated film Silkwood.

She worked at the Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site plant near Crescent, Oklahoma, United States. Silkwood’s job was making plutonium pellets for nuclear reactor fuel rods. This plant experienced theft of plutonium by workers during this era. She joined the union and became an activist on behalf of issues of health and safety at the plant as a member of the union’s negotiating team, the first woman to have that position at Kerr-McGee. In the summer of 1974, she testified to the Atomic Energy Commission about her concerns. For three days in November, she was found to have plutonium contamination on her person and in her home. That month, while driving to meet with David Burnham, a New York Times journalist, and Steve Wodka, an official of her union’s national office, she died in a car crash under unclear circumstances.

Note: On June 28, 2016, the FBI informed me that additional records (in addition to the above) were destroyed on July 15, 1992. I was informed these records may have pertained to Karen Silkwood, but they are now destroyed. In addition, other records exist at the National Archives, and total 724 total pages; ~647 pages released in full, 39 pages released in redacted form and 37 pages withheld in full. I am unable to purchase them for 80 cents per page, but if anyone would like to, or you are around College Park, Maryland, you can see these files in person, requesting FBI case file 117-HQ-2702, located in the Motion Picture research room.

Silverstein Properties – FBI “Cross References” –  [30 Pages, 13MB] – Silverstein Properties, Inc. (SPI) is a family held, full-service real estate development, investment and management firm based in New York City. Founded in 1957 by Chairman Larry Silverstein, the company specializes in developing, acquiring, and managing office, residential, hotel, retail, and mixed-use properties. The firm is New York City’s fifth-largest commercial landlord.

Simpson, Wallis– [120 Pages, 32.3MB] – Wallis Simpson (born Bessie Wallis Warfield; 19 June 1896 – 24 April 1986), later known as the Duchess of Windsor, was an American socialite whose intended marriage to the British king Edward VIII caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward’s abdication.

 Socialist Party – [ File #1 (NYC-3) 23.43MB | File #2 (NYC-4) 28.18MB ] – [ 711 Total Pages ] – Doctor Frederick Charles Schwarz (15 January 1913 – 24 January 2009) was an Australian physician and political activist who founded the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC). He made a number of speaking tours in the USA in the 1950s, and in 1960 moved his base of operations to California.  He was the author of the international bestseller, You Can Trust The Communists (to be Communists) (Prentice Hall, 1960). Dr Schwarz worked with his wife, Lillian Schwarz, from abroad and, in his later years, at their home in Camden, near Sydney, in the Australian state of New South Wales. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

 Starr, Kenneth  – FBI Vault Release #1 – [318 Pages, 12MB]
 Starr, Kenneth  – FBI Vault Release #2 – [170 Pages, 9MB] – Kenneth Starr (1946–2022) was an American lawyer, judge, and educator best known for serving as the independent counsel who led the investigation into President Bill Clinton during the 1990s, which encompassed the Whitewater real estate matter and ultimately the Monica Lewinsky scandal. A graduate of George Washington University and Duke Law School, he clerked for Chief Justice Warren Burger before entering government service. Starr served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and later as Solicitor General under President George H. W. Bush. Beyond government work, he held positions in private practice, academia, and university leadership, including as president and chancellor of Baylor University. His career was marked by significant influence in American law and politics as well as controversy over the scope and impact of his investigations.

 Stone, Jeremy J.  – [177 Pages, 13MB] – Jeremy J. Stone (November 23, 1935 – January 1, 2017) was president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000, where he led that organization’s advocacy initiatives in arms control, human rights, and foreign policy. In 2000, he was succeeded as president by Henry Kelly. Stone continued his work at a new organization called Catalytic Diplomacy. Stone was the son of the journalist I. F. Stone.

Sudarkasa, Niara  – [231 Pages, 98MB] – Niara Sudarkasa (1938–2019) was an influential African American anthropologist, scholar, and university president who broke new ground as the first female president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Born Gloria Albertha Marshall in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, she developed a passion for African studies, earning a Ph.D. in anthropology from Columbia University. Her extensive research focused on African and African diaspora cultures, particularly in West Africa, and she published widely on the roles of women, family structures, and social organization in African societies. Sudarkasa was a trailblazer in higher education, championing diversity, community engagement, and cross-cultural understanding, while also working to improve educational opportunities for underrepresented students. Her legacy endures through her contributions to anthropology, her pioneering leadership, and her advocacy for Black empowerment and education.

 Sullivan & Cromwell Llp  – [119 Pages, 49.5MB] – Sullivan & Cromwell LLP is an international law firm headquartered in New York City. It has gained renown for its business and commercial law practices and its impact on international affairs.  Founded in 1879 by Algernon Sydney Sullivan and William Nelson Cromwell, Sullivan & Cromwell has served many of the world’s foremost industrial, commercial and financial enterprises.

Tencent Holdings, Inc. – [135 Pages, 1MB] – Tencent Holdings Ltd., also known as Tencent, is a Chinese multinational technology and entertainment conglomerate and holding company headquartered in Shenzhen. It is also the largest company in the gaming industry in the world based on its investments. It operates the instant messengers Tencent QQ and WeChat, and QQ.com. It also owns Tencent Music.

Theoharis, Athan – [25 Pages, 12.5MB] – Athan George Theoharis (August 3, 1936 – July 3, 2021) was an American historian, professor of history at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As well as his extensive teaching career, he was noteworthy as an expert on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, and U.S. intelligence agencies, having written and edited many books on these and related subjects.

 Thompson, Kenneth P. – [135 Pages, 45.4MB] – Kenneth P. “Ken” Thompson (March 14, 1966 – October 9, 2016) was the District Attorney of Kings County, New York, from 2014 until his death from cancer on October 9, 2016. Thompson began as an attorney in the United States Treasury Department in Washington, D.C., where he served as Special Assistant to former Treasury Department Undersecretary for Enforcement and then Secretary General of Interpol, Ronald K. Noble. In 1995 Thompson accepted a position as an Assistant U.S. Attorney under Zachary W. Carter, in the United States Attorney’s Office in Brooklyn. During his tenure, he worked with Loretta Lynch as a member of the federal prosecution team in the 1997 trial of former New York City police officer Justin Volpe, who was accused of sodomizing Abner Louima inside a bathroom at the 70th Precinct in Brooklyn. The watershed police brutality trial, at which Thompson delivered the opening prosecution arguments, resulted in Volpe changing his plea from ‘not guilty’ to ‘guilty’.

Torres Advanced Enterprise Solutions – FBI Release #1 – [74 Pages, 2.5MB]
Torres Advanced Enterprise Solutions – FBI Release #2 – [163 Pages, 100MB] – Torres Advanced Enterprise Solutions (Torres) is a global security, cyber security, information technology and software consulting firm headquartered in Washington, D.C. with a global presence in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. Torres serves the highest levels of U.S. and foreign governments and commercial enterprises around the world. Our personnel consistently go the extra mile to provide reliable and comprehensive services to our clients regardless of the challenge. As a result, Torres has been named an Industry Leader in Government and Commercial Services by Inc. and Smart CEO magazines eight times since 2008.

True, James– FBI Release #1 – [503 Pages, 328.6MB]
True, James– FBI Release #2 – [89  Pages, 5.3MB] – James B. True Jr. (July 1, 1880 – September 1946) was a critic of the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). His opposition focused on New Deal programs and used anti-Semitic and isolationist themes. He published a newsletter and headed James True Associates, a personally-financed one-man enterprise.  Note: There are many different files on James True at the National Archives (see cover letter to this FOIA release.)  I did not pursue getting these reviewed for release.

 Trump, Fred C. – [8 Pages, 2.2MB] – Frederick Christ “Fred” Trump (October 11, 1905 – June 25, 1999) was an American real estate developer and philanthropist, and the father of United States Appeals Judge Maryanne Trump Barry as well as businessman and 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump. Trump’s development company built and managed single-family houses in Queens, barracks and garden apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards along the East Coast, and more than 27,000 apartments in New York City. During his business career, Trump was investigated by a U.S. Senate committee (1954) for profiteering from public contracts, was investigated by the U.S. Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division (1973) for civil rights violations — and was the subject of numerous critiques by noted folk icon Woody Guthrie.

Note: In March of 2016, I requested the file for Fred C. Trump. I was given a denial that no records existed. I then filed a request for cross references to Fred C. Trump in other files, and gave some suggested locations which included:

• Manny Ciminello; construction contractor, racketeer, tied to S & A Concrete;
• Paul Castellano; head of Gambino Mob; secret owner of S & A Concrete;
• Fat Tony Salerno; head of Genovese Mob; secret owner of S & A Concrete;
• S & A Concrete; Mob-front concrete company, run by Nick Auletta; built Trump Tower and Trump Plaza;
• Willie Tomasello; Fred Trump’s partner on Beach Haven; Genovese associate;
• Nicky Scarfo; Atlantic City/Philadelphia Crime Boss; Cleveland Wrecking Co;
• Cleveland Wrecking Company
• Wachtel Plumbing
• Teddy Maritas; head of Carpenters Union;
• Circle Industries;
• John Cody;  head of Teamsters Local 282; jailed for racketeering
• Nick Auletta: President of S & A Concrete, cement company;
• Joe DePaolo; President of Dic Underhill Co; helped build Trump Village with Fred Trump;
• Danny Sullivan; partner in SSG, Inc; deal-making arm of Scarfo Mob
• Kenny Shapiro; scrap-metal dealer, partner SSG; principle financier for Scarfo’s Philadelphia Crime Organization.

A few months after this request, the FBI posted this 8 page release. Once I receive their response letter in the mail, I will add that to the file, along with anything else that may have come up.

 Trump, John G. – [16 Pages, 2.2MB] – John George Trump (August 21, 1907 – February 21, 1985) was an American electrical engineer, inventor, and physicist. He was a recipient of U.S. President Ronald Reagan’s National Medal of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Trump was noted for developing rotational radiation therapy. Together with Robert J. Van de Graaff, he developed one of the first million-volt X-ray generators. He was also the uncle of President-elect of the United States, Donald Trump.  These documents consist of the entire FOIA case file, and processing notes, to the request I did wherein it was told to me files relating to John G. Trump were destroyed.

Trump Barry, Maryanne – [406 Pages, 2.2MB] – Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) was an American attorney and federal judge, and the eldest sister of former U.S. President Donald Trump. Born in New York City to Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, she pursued higher education at Mount Holyoke College, Columbia University, and Hofstra University School of Law. Barry began her legal career as an assistant U.S. attorney in 1974. In 1983, she was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, and later elevated by President Bill Clinton in 1999 to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. She assumed senior status in 2011 and retired in 2019 amid an investigation into alleged judicial misconduct related to her family’s financial dealings. Barry passed away in New York City on November 13, 2023, at the age of 86.

Trump Organization – [154 Pages, 25.8MB] – The Trump Organization is the collective name for a group of approximately 500 business entities of which Donald Trump, the current U.S. President, is the sole or principal owner. Approximately 250 entities use the Trump name.  Donald Trump’s grandmother Elizabeth Christ Trump and father Fred Trump founded the organization in 1923 as E. Trump & Son, and it was led from 1971 to 2017 by Donald Trump, who renamed the company around 1973.

I first requested these files in 2016, but received a “no records” response. I refiled again in late 2018, and received 150+ pages. After investigating why the new records were found, Jason Leopold and Ryan Shapiro took the FBI to court, and got them to release the records. Interesting that they fully denied records existed prior to this.

University Bible Fellowship – [27 Pages, 4.7MB] – The University Bible Fellowship is an international evangelical non-denominational Christian entity that originated in South Korea in 1961. It was founded through a partnership between a Korean, Samuel Chang-Woo Lee, and Sarah Barry, an American Presbyterian missionary who was sent to South Korea. The international headquarters of UBF is in Chicago. The group members are concentrated in South Korea, but has chapters in 91 countries including American universities and community colleges. The organization’s stated goal is student evangelism. Some outside observers and former members describe the group as cult-like, excessively controlling, spiritually damaging, or abusive.

FBI Files: Unsolved Mysteries TV Show – [1,581 Pages, 62MB] – Unsolved Mysteries is an American mystery documentary television program, created by John Cosgrove and Terry Dunn Meurer. Documenting cold cases and paranormal phenomena, it began as a series of seven specials, presented by Raymond Burr, Karl Malden, and Robert Stack, beginning on NBC on January 20, 1987, becoming a full-fledged series on October 5, 1988, hosted by Stack. After nine seasons on NBC, the series moved to CBS for its 10th season on November 13, 1997. After adding Virginia Madsen as a co-host during season 11 failed to boost slipping ratings, CBS canceled the series after only a two-season, 12-episode run on June 11, 1999. The series was revived by Lifetime in 2000, with season 12 beginning on July 2, 2001. Unsolved Mysteries aired 103 episodes on Lifetime, before ending on September 20, 2002, an end that coincided with Stack’s illness and eventual death.In 2017, the show’s creators expressed interest in reviving the series. On January 18, 2019, Netflix picked up a reboot of the series.

Uranium One – [25 Pages, 7.3MB] – Uranium One is a Russian-Canadian uranium mining company with headquarters in Toronto, Ontario. It has operations in Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, South Africa and the United States. In 2010, Rosatom, the Russian state-owned uranium monopoly, through its subsidiary ARMZ, bought a 51.4% controlling interest in the Canadian company. In January 2013 Rosatom purchased the remaining 48.6% of the company, at a value of $1.3 billion. Since 2015 the sale of Uranium One to Rosatom had been characterized by conservative media in the United States as a bribery scandal involving Hillary Clinton and the Clinton Foundation; no evidence of wrongdoing has been found after three years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal Attorney to evaluate the investigation.

Uranium One Related FOIA Requests – [29 Pages,5.8MB] – In September of 2018, I requested a copy of all FOIA requests dealing with Uranium One that were filed with the FBI. In February of 2019, I received a copy of who was going after records.

VARO, Inc. – FBI Release #1 – [139 Pages, 17.7MB]
VARO, Inc. – FBI Release #2 – [171 Pages, 8.5MB]
VARO, Inc. – Navy #1 – [5 Pages, 1MB]
VARO, Inc. – DoJ Denial – [5 Pages, 1MB] – Varo manufactures military night vision viewing systems, high voltage rectifiers and multipliers used in consumer and industrial electronic products, frequency control devices for the U.S. Navy, and marine searchlights.

Venceremos Brigade – [802 Pages, 396MB] – The Venceremos Brigade is a politically motivated international organization founded in 1969 by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and officials of the Republic of Cuba. It was formed as a coalition of young people attempting to show solidarity with the Cuban Revolution by working side by side with Cuban workers, challenging U.S. policies towards Cuba, including the United States embargo against Cuba. The yearly brigade trips, which as of 2010 have brought more than 9,000 people to Cuba, continue today and are coordinated with the Pastors For Peace Friendship Caravans to Cuba. The 48th Brigade travelled to Cuba in July 2017.

According to FOIA case 1496188-001, there are approximately 52,712 more pages available, which will cost $1,585.00 to get. If anyone wants to sponsor this file, please let me know, and I am happy to archive it.

 Wackenhut Corporation – FBI Release #1 – [ File #1 51.0MB | File #2 19.09MB | File #3 30.36MB | File #4 20.36MB ] – [ 1,023 Total Pages ]
 Wackenhut Corporation – FBI Release #2 – [488 Pages, 168.6MB]
 Wackenhut Corporation – FBI Release #3 – [146 Pages, 25.8MB]
 Wackenhut Corporation – FBI Release #4 – [190 Pages, 98MB] – The Wackenhut Corporation was founded in 1954, in Coral Gables, Florida, by George Wackenhut and three partners (all former FBI agents). In 2002 the company was acquired for $570 million by Danish corporation Group 4 Falck (itself then merged to form British company G4S in 2004). In 2010, G4S Wackenhut changed its name to G4S Secure Solutions (USA) to reflect the new business model.  

 Wade, Henry Manasco – [374 Pages, 358MB] – Henry Menasco Wade (November 11, 1914 – March 1, 2001) was a Texas lawyer who served as District Attorney of Dallas from 1951 to 1987. As such, he participated in two of the most notable U.S. court cases of the 20th century: the prosecution of Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald, and the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision legalizing abortion, Roe v. Wade. In addition, Wade was District Attorney when Randall Dale Adams, the subject of the documentary film The Thin Blue Line, was convicted in the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer. He is also the longest-serving district attorney in United States history.

 Weisberg, Harold NARA Release #1 – [22 Pages, 2.2MB] – Harold Weisberg (April 8, 1913 – February 21, 2002) served as an Office of Strategic Services officer during World War II, a U.S. Senate staff member and investigative reporter, an investigator for the Senate Committee on Civil Liberties, and a U.S. State Department intelligence analyst who devoted 40 years of his life to researching and writing about the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King. He wrote ten self-published and published books and approximately thirty-five unpublished books related to the details for those assassinations, mostly with respect to Kennedy’s assassination. Weisberg was a strong critic of the Warren Commission report and of the methods used in investigating President Kennedy’s murder. In this regard, he was avant-garde, embarking on a course that many other conspiracy theorists would later come to follow. Weisberg is best known for his seminal work, Whitewash, where he wrote: “Following thousands of hours of research in and analysis of the vast, chaotic, deliberately disorganized, padded and largely meaningless 26 volumes of the testimony and exhibits of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy and its 900-page Report – millions of words of which are not needed and are merely diversionary – I published the results of my investigation in a book, Whitewash: The Report on the Warren Report. In this book, I establish that the inquiry into the assassination was a whitewash, using as proof only what the Commission avoided, ignored, misrepresented and suppressed of its own evidence.” On February 21, 2002, Weisberg died of cardiovascular disease at his home in Frederick, Maryland.

Weishaupt, Kurt – [39 Pages, 15MB] – Kurt Weishaupt (1913–2004) was a Swiss-born artist, scholar, and innovator, known for his contributions to both the arts and sciences during a century marked by profound cultural and technological change. Born in Zurich, Weishaupt displayed an early aptitude for painting and engineering, a rare combination that shaped his multifaceted career. He became renowned for his avant-garde artwork that blended abstract expressionism with elements of scientific precision, earning him recognition in European art circles during the mid-20th century. Beyond the canvas, he was an inventor and thinker, holding several patents for mechanical designs inspired by his fascination with geometry and motion. Weishaupt’s life reflected a relentless curiosity and dedication to bridging the gap between creativity and functionality, leaving a legacy celebrated by artists and engineers alike.

 Welch, Jr. Robert Henry – [5,081 Pages, 299MB] – Robert Henry Winborne Welch Jr. (December 1, 1899 – January 6, 1985) was an American businessman, political activist, and author. He was independently wealthy following his retirement and used that wealth to sponsor anti-Communist causes. He co-founded the conservative group the John Birch Society (JBS) in 1958 and tightly controlled it until his death. He became a highly controversial target of criticism by liberals, as well as some conservatives, including William F. Buckley Jr.

Please Note: Additional Records do exist, which total 8,271 more pages, and will cost $255 to receive them on CDs.

 West, Rev. Donald L. – [ File #1 | File #2 | File #3 | File #4 | File #5 | File #6 | File #7 | File #8| File #9 | File #10 | File #11 | File #12 | File #13 | File #14 |  ] – [ 2,398 Total Pages ] –  No biography available. (Source: Ernie Lazar)

 Wheeler, Roger Milton – [1,369 Pages, 56MB ] – Roger Wheeler (February 27, 1926 — May 27, 1981) was an American businessman, the former chairman of Telex Corp. and former owner of World Jai Alai. In 1981, he was murdered at age 55 in his car while preparing to leave Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma, following his weekly game of golf. He was purportedly murdered for uncovering an embezzlement scheme that was going on at his business, World Jai Alai. After retiring from the FBI, H. Paul Rico took a job as head of security for World Jai Alai. He saw the perfect opportunity to set up his former confidential informants Whitey Bulger and Steve Flemmi in a skimming operation there. The Winter Hill Gang skimmed $10,000 per week from the parking lot operation at World Jai Alai.  Please note: Check out the bookmarks in the PDF file to differentiate between the file numbers and section IDs of this release.

There are more files relating to Mr. Wheeler. As of June of 2016, the FBI informed me there were 8,160 potentially responsive pages. To order, it will be $250 to receive on CD-ROMs. If you are interested in sponsoring this file, CONTACT ME.

 White Supremacist Groups – [ 78 Pages, 10.94MB ] – White supremacy is the belief of, and/or promotion of the belief, that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds and that therefore whites should politically, economically and socially dominate non-whites. The term is also used to describe a political ideology that perpetuates and maintains the social, political, historical and/or industrial dominance of whites. Different forms of white supremacy have different conceptions of who is considered white, and different white supremacist identify various groups as their primary enemy.

 Whitman, Charles – [ 757 Pages ]
1335599-0 – Preprocessed CD No Charge Letter – 2678411.pdf 432K
1335599-0 – 63-11732 – Section 1 Serial 1 COVER SHEETMediaPage.PDF 100MB
1335599-0 – 63-11732 – Section 2 Serial 47 COVER SHEETMediaPag.PDF 75MB
1335599-0 – 63-11732 – Section 3 Serial 121 COVER SHEETMediaPa.PDF 101MB
1335599-0 – 63-11732-Sub A – Section 1 Serial 1 COVER SHEETMediaPage.PDF 103MB
1335599-0 – Documents – Section 1 Serial COVER SHEETMediaPages.PDF 77MBCharles Joseph Whitman (June 24, 1941 – August 1, 1966) was an American engineering student at the University of Texas, former U.S. Marine, and a mass murderer who killed 16 people. In the early morning hours of August 1, 1966, Whitman murdered his wife and mother in their homes. Later that day, he brought a number of guns, including rifles, a shotgun, and handguns, to the campus of the University of Texas at Austin where, over an approximate 90 to 95 minute period, he killed 14 people and wounded 32 others in a mass shooting in and around the Tower. Whitman shot and killed three people inside the university’s tower and eleven others after firing at random from the 28th-floor observation deck of the Main Building. Whitman was shot and killed by Austin police officer Houston McCoy.

 Widmaier-Picasso, Maya – [7 Pages, 2MB] – Maya Widmaier-Picasso was a French art expert and the eldest daughter of renowned artist Pablo Picasso and his muse, Marie-Thérèse Walter. Growing up in the heart of the art world, Maya developed a profound understanding of her father’s work and has dedicated much of her life to preserving and promoting his legacy. She has been instrumental in authenticating and curating numerous Picasso exhibitions and has contributed significantly to art historical scholarship. Maya’s deep personal and professional connection to her father’s oeuvre makes her a prominent figure in the art community.

 Wolfe, Bertram – FBI “Vault Release” – [ File #1, 21.4MB | File #2 23.09MB | File #3 14.05MB ] [ 546 Total Pages ]
 Wolfe, Bertram – [693 Pages, 139.6MB]Bertram David “Bert” Wolfe (1896–1977) was an American scholar and former communist best known for biographical studies of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, and Diego Rivera.

 Wolfe, Ella Goldberg – [347 Pages, 181.3MB] – Ella Goldberg Wolfe, who helped her husband Bertram (see above) and others found the American Communist Party, died January 8, 2000, in her Palo Alto, California home. By the time she died at age 103, she had lived a dramatic life of political intrigue, travel and scholarship in three centuries. She spent much of the last 20 years organizing her and her husband’s papers at the Hoover Institution Archives. 

 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom – [4,432 Pages, 2.94GB] – Note: This is a very large file. It is recommended you right click and download to your desktop. –  The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) is a non-profit non-governmental organization working “to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes of war and work for a permanent peace” and to unite women worldwide who oppose oppression and exploitation. WILPF has national sections in 37 countries. The WILPF is headquartered in Geneva and maintains a United Nations office in New York City.

 Wriston, Walter – [84 Pages, 32.3MB] – Walter Bigelow Wriston (August 3, 1919 – January 19, 2005) was a banker and former chairman and CEO of Citicorp. As chief executive of Citibank / Citicorp (later Citigroup) from 1967 to 1984, Wriston was widely regarded as the single most influential commercial banker of his time. During his tenure as CEO, the bank introduced, among other innovations, automated teller machines, interstate banking, the negotiable certificate of deposit, and “pursued the credit card business in a way that no other bank was doing at the time”. With then New York Governor Hugh Carey and investment banker Felix Rohatyn, Wriston helped save New York City from bankruptcy in the mid-1970s by setting up the Financial Control Board and the Municipal Assistance Corporation, and persuading the city’s union pension funds and banks to buy the latter corporation’s bonds. 
Note: These records were provided by the family of anthologist and transparency activist Russ Kick, from his papers, facilitated by the generous assistance of Dr. Susan Maret. This is not a complete collection set of his papers, but rather, a selection of items sent to The Black Vault for digital preservation.

Yeager, Chuck – [66 Pages, 4.2MB] – Chuck Yeager (1923-2020) was an iconic American test pilot, Air Force officer, and record-setting aviator, best known for being the first person to break the sound barrier. Born in West Virginia, Yeager enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, where he displayed remarkable flying prowess, becoming an ace fighter pilot. His legendary flight on October 14, 1947, aboard the Bell X-1 rocket plane, surpassed the speed of sound, marking a groundbreaking achievement in aviation history. Over his illustrious career, Yeager’s courageous feats and unmatched skills earned him numerous accolades and solidified his status as one of the most influential pilots of the 20th century.

Youth International Party – FBI Release #1 –  [614 Pages, 32MB]
Youth International Party – FBI Release #2 – [455 Pages, 221MB] – The Youth International Party (YIP), whose members were commonly called Yippies, was an American youth-oriented radical and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the late 1960s. It was founded on December 31, 1967. They employed theatrical gestures to mock the social status quo, such as advancing a pig (“Pigasus the Immortal”) as a candidate for president of the United States in 1968.[3] They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and anarchist youth movement of “symbolic politics”.

 Zapata Oil – [4 Pages, 0.8MB] – Zapata Petroleum Corporation was founded in 1953 by future-U.S. President George H. W. Bush, along with his business partners John Overbey, Hugh Liedtke, Bill Liedtke, and Thomas J. Devine. Overbey was a ‘landman’, skilled in scouting oil fields and obtaining drilling rights cheaply. Bush and Thomas J. Devine were oil-wildcatting associates. Their joint activities culminated in the establishment of Zapata Oil. The initial $1 million investment for Zapata was provided by the Liedtke brothers and their circle of investors, by Bush’s father Prescott Bush and his maternal grandfather George Herbert Walker, and their family’s circle of friends. Hugh Liedtke was named president, Bush was vice president; Overbey soon left.  Note: Records destroyed in April of 1995.

Zworykin, Vladimir – FBI Release #1 – [1,153 Pages, 830MB]
Zworykin, Vladimir – FBI Release #2 (Cross References) – [19 Pages, 830MB]Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin (July 29, 1888 – July 29, 1982) was a Russian-born American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Educated in Russia and in France, he spent most of his life in the United States. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes. He played a role in the practical development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes and the electron microscope.

The post FBI Files: Historical Figures & Groups first appeared on The Black Vault.

🛸 Recommended Intelligence Resource

As UAP researchers and tech enthusiasts, we’re always seeking tools and resources to enhance our investigations and stay ahead of emerging technologies. Check out this resource that fellow researchers have found valuable.

→ roboform

“In the event sufficient scientific data were ever obtained, that a UAP encounter can only be explained by extraterrestrial origin, we are committed to working with our interagency partners at NASA to appropriately inform U.S. Government’s leadership of its findings.”

~Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick – Director of AARO

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If you like what you see on my blog, my Twitter and YouTube Channel and appreciate the time and effort, here are links to my Patreon, Pay Pal and Venmo. I appreciate any and all support. Without that support, I would struggle to do this as much as I do.

~~~

Patreon = https://www.patreon.com/ufojoe

Pay Pal – ufojoe11@aol.com

Venmo – www.venmo.com/u/ufojoe

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Full hearing…

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Former intelligence and defense contractor, Michael Via, joined me on April 23rd and we analyzed the hearing.

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Senator Kirsten Gillibrand – D-New York – (KG): “The hearing will come to order. I’d first like to thank our witness, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, for testifying here and in today’s earlier closed session. And for his long and distinguished career, both in the intelligence community and in the Department of Defense. Dr. Kirkpatrick is the director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, or AARO. Congress established this office, in law, to get to the bottom of the very serious problem of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon (That’s not a typo. KG said “phenomenon.” ~Joe) or UAP. Dr. Kirkpatrick has a very difficult mission. While we have made progress, there remains a stigma attached to these phenomenon. There is a vast and complex citizen engagement, and there’s also very challenging scientific and technical hurdles. So we appreciate the willingness of Dr. Kirkpatrick to lean in on this issue and the work that he has accomplished thus far. And we look forward to both his opening statement and his presentation of examples of the work AARO has done.

In late 2017, media reports surfaced about activity set in motion by the late long-serving Majority Leader, Senator Harry Reid, more than a decade ago. We learned that there was strong evidence of advanced technology reflected in the features and performance characteristics of many objects observed by our highly-trained service members operating top-of-the-line, military equipment. We learned that for at least the past eight years, military pilots frequently encountered unknown objects in controlled airspace off both the East and West Coasts across the continental United States, in test and training areas, and ranges. We don’t know where they come from, who made them, or how they operate. As former Deputy Secretary of Defense, David Norquist, observed, had any of these objects had the label, Made in China, there would be an uproar in the government and media. There would be no stone unturned and no effort spared to find out what we were dealing with. We can look at the recent incursion of the unidentified, PRC (People’s Republic of China) high-altitude balloon as an example. And because of the UFO stigma, the response has been irresponsibly anemic and slow.

Congress established AARO. We made it clear that we expect vigorous action. We added very substantial, initial funding for the office. But despite our best efforts, the President’s budget for Fiscal Years 2023 and 2024, requested only enough funding to defray the operating expenses of AARO. It included almost no funds to sustain the critical research and development necessary to support a serious investigation. It took a letter to Secretary Austin from Senator Rubio and me, and 14 other senators, to get the office temporary relief for the current fiscal year.

Senator Gillibrand asks Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin if he will ensure the Pentagon’s All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) will be fully funded during today’s Department of Defense budget request hearing.#ufotwitter #ufo #uap h/t: @Akam1129 pic.twitter.com/DeHpamZQkD

— UAP James (@UAPJames) March 28, 2023

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https://twitter.com/tinyklaus/status/1626361031667724288

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[the_ad]

KG: In this hearing, I tend to probe a series of specific issues. In the recent incidents where multiple objects were shot down over North America, it seemed that Pentagon leadership did not turn to [the] AARO office to play a leading role in advising the combatant commander. We need to know whether this will continue, we need to know whether the leadership in DoD will bring AARO into the decision-making process in a visible way, and we need to know what role AARO will play in interagency coordination after the NSC Working Group disbands.

In the fiscal year 2023 National Defense and Intelligence Authorization Act, Congress established a direct-reporting chain from the AARO director to the Deputy Secretary of Defense. The role of the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security is limited to providing administrative support. We need to know how this direction is being implemented. UAP are frequently observed flying [at] extremely high or very-low speeds and come in various sizes and shapes. During the recent shoot downs over North America, DoD disclosed that filters on radar systems were adjusted to allow for detection and tracking of diverse sets of objects for the first time. While opening the aperture can overload the real time, analytic process, we cannot keep turning a blind eye to surveillance data that is critical to detecting and tracking UAP. We need to know whether Dr. Kirkpatrick can achieve the necessary control over sensor filters, and the storage and access to raw, surveillance data to find UAP anomalies.

Finally, one of the tasks Congress set for AARO is serving as an open door for witnesses of UAP events, or participants in government activities related to UAPs, to come forward securely and disclose what they know without fear of retribution for any possible violations of previously signed non-disclosure-agreements. Congress mandated that AARO set up a publicly-discoverable and accessible process for safe disclosure. While we know that AARO has already conducted a significant number of interviews, many referred by Congress, we need to set up a public process and we need to know where that effort stands. With that, I’d like to turn to Senator Ernst for her opening statement.

We have no evidence of E.T. 👽

George Knapp and Jeremy Corbell share their thoughts about the big statement that Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick said during the UAP hearing last week.

24 Witnesses:
A) Doesn't consider their testimony to be evidence
B) Not credible evidence
C) AARO hasn't… pic.twitter.com/jwLsKnpwUK

— Mike Colangelo (@MikeColangelo) April 25, 2023

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Senator Joni Ernst – R-Iowa – (JE): Thank you, Madam Chair. And thank you Dr. Kirkpatrick for your testimony today. I’ll keep these remarks very brief so that we have maximum time for your briefing. The recent downing of the Chinese surveillance balloon, and three other objects, underscores the need for domain awareness. Adversaries like China and Russia are working to hold U.S. interests, including our homeland, at risk. That’s why your testimony is so important. And I so look forward to a progress update on the establishment of your office. As members know, your office evolved from the Navy-led, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, to the All-domain Anomalous Resolution Office known as AARO. Dr. Kirkpatrick, your extensive background in science and technology, research and development, and space, makes you well suited to discuss these emerging challenges. My priority is that we understand the full range of threats posed by our adversaries in all domains. That is what the Joint Force needs to be prepared to fight and win in defense of our nation. This committee needs to know about Chinese or Russian advanced-technology programs to exploit our vulnerabilities, and it needs to know whether your office, along with the IC, has detected potential Chinese or Russian capabilities to surveil or attack us. Finally, we need to ensure efficient, interagency coordination. Multiple elements of the DoD and IC own a piece of this mission. To add value, AARO’s efforts cannot be redundant with others. Thank you again, we look forward to your testimony.

KG: Dr. Kirkpatrick, you can give your testimony.

Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick (SK): Thank you, Chairwoman Gillibrand, Ranking Member Ernst, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee and Congress. It is a privilege to be here today to testify on the Department of Defense’s efforts to address Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena.

First, I want to thank Congress for its extensive and continued partnership as the Department works to better understand and respond to UAP in an effort to minimize technical and intelligence surprise. Unidentified objects in any domain pose potential risks to safety and security, particularly for military personnel and capabilities. Congress and DoD agree that UAP cannot remain unexamined or unaddressed.

We are grateful for sustained, congressional engagement on this issue, which paved the way for DoD’s establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office in July of last year. Though AARO is still a young office, the spotlight on UAP in recent months underscores the importance of its work and the need for UAP to be taken seriously as a matter of national security. All leadership that I’ve had the pleasure of working with, whether DoD, IC, DOE, civil, scientific or industrial, view Congress as a critical partner in this endeavor.

AARO has accomplished much in the 9 months since it was established. The AARO team of more than three dozen experts is organized around four functional areas: operations, scientific research, integrated analysis, and strategic communications. In the nine months since AARO’s establishment, we have taken important steps to improve UAP data collection, standardize the Department’s UAP internal reporting requirements, and implement a framework for rigorous scientific and intelligence analysis, allowing us to resolve cases in a systematic and prioritized manner. Meanwhile, consistent with legislative direction, AARO is also carefully reviewing and researching the U.S. Government’s UAP-related historical record.

AARO is leading a focused effort to better characterize, understand, and attribute UAP, with priority given to UAP reports by DoD and IC personnel in or near areas of national security importance. DoD fully appreciates the eagerness from many quarters, especially here in Congress and in the American public, to quickly resolve every UAP encountered across the globe, from the distant past through today.

It is important to note, however, that AARO is the culmination of decades of DoD, Intelligence Community, and congressionally-directed efforts to successfully resolve UAP encountered, first and foremost, by U.S. military personnel, specifically Navy and Air Force pilots.

The law establishing AARO is ambitious, and it will take time to realize the full mission. We cannot answer decades of questions about UAP all at once, but we must begin somewhere. While I assure you that AARO will follow scientific evidence wherever it leads, I ask for your patience as DoD first prioritizes the safety and security of our military personnel and installations, in all domains.

After all, UAP encountered first by highly-capable DoD and IC platforms, featuring the nation’s most advanced sensors, are those UAP most likely to be successfully resolved by my office, assuming the data can be collected. If AARO succeeds in first improving the ability of military personnel to quickly and confidently resolve UAP they encounter, I believe that in time, we will have greatly advanced the capability of the entire United States Government, including its civilian agencies, to resolve UAP. However, it would be naive to believe that the resolution of all UAP can be solely accomplished by the DoD and IC alone. We will need to prioritize collection and leverage authorities for monitoring all domains within the continental United States. AARO’s ultimate success will require partnerships with the interagency, industry partners, academia and the scientific community, as well as the public.

AARO is partnering with the Services, Intelligence Community, DOE and across the U.S. government to tap into the resources of the interagency. The UAP challenge is more an operational and scientific issue than it is an intelligence issue. As such, we are working with industry, academia, and the scientific community, which bring their own resources, ideas, and expertise to this challenging problem set. Robust collaboration and peer-review across a broad range of partners will promote greater objectivity and transparency in the study of UAP.

I want to underscore today that only a very small percentage of UAP reports display signatures that could reasonably be described as ‘anomalous.’ The majority of unidentified objects reported to AARO demonstrate mundane characteristics of balloons, unmanned aerial systems, clutter, natural phenomena, or other readily explainable sources. While a large number of cases in our holdings remain technically unresolved, this is primarily due to a lack of data associated with these cases. Without sufficient data, we are unable to reach defendable conclusions that meet the high scientific standards we set for resolution, and I will not close a case that we cannot defend the conclusions of.

I recognize that this answer is unsatisfying to those who, in good faith, assume that what they see with their eyes, with their cameras, and with their radars is incontrovertible evidence of extraordinary characteristics and performance. Yet, time and again, with sufficient scientific-quality data, it is fact that UAP often, but not always, resolve into readily-explainable sources. Humans are subject to deception and illusions, sensors to unexpected responses and malfunctions, and in some cases, intentional interference. Getting to the handful of cases that pass this level of scrutiny is the mission of AARO.

That is not to say that UAP, once resolved, are no longer of national security interest, however. On the contrary, learning that a UAP isn’t of exotic origin but is instead, just a quadcopter or a balloon, leads to the question of who is operating that quadcopter, and to what purpose. The answers to those questions will inform potential national security or law-enforcement responses.

AARO is a member of the Department’s support to the administration’s “Tiger Team” effort to deal with stratospheric objects such as the PRC High-Altitude Balloon (HAB). When previously unknown objects are successfully identified, it is AARO’s role to quickly and efficiently hand off such readily-explainable objects to the Intelligence, law-enforcement or operational-safety communities for further analysis and appropriate action. In other words, AARO’s mission is to turn UAP into SEP: Somebody Else’s Problem.

The U.S. Government, the DoD and the IC, in particular, has tremendous capabilities to deal with those encountered objects. In the wake of the PRC HAB event, the interagency is working to better integrate and share information to address identifiable stratospheric objects, but that is not AARO’s lane.

Meanwhile, for the few cases in all domains, space, air and sea, that do demonstrate potentially anomalous characteristics, AARO exists to help the DoD, IC, and interagency resolve those anomalous cases. In doing so, AARO is approaching these cases with the highest level of objectivity and analytic rigor. This includes physically testing and employing modeling and simulation to validate our analyses and underlying theories, then peer reviewing those results within the U.S. Government, industry partners, and appropriately-cleared academic institutions, before reaching any conclusions.

I should also state clearly, for the record, that in our research, AARO has found no credible evidence, thus far, of extraterrestrial activity, off-world technology, or objects that defy the known laws of physics. In the event sufficient scientific data were ever obtained, that a UAP encounter can only be explained by extraterrestrial origin, we are committed to working with our interagency partners at NASA to appropriately inform U.S. Government’s leadership of its findings. For those few cases that have leaked to the public previously, and subsequently commented on by the U.S. Government, I encourage those who hold alternative theories or views to submit your research to credible, peer-reviewed scientific journals. AARO is working very hard to do the same. That is how science works, not by blog or social media.

We know that there is tremendous public interest in UAP and a desire for answers from AARO. By its very nature, the UAP challenge has, for decades, lent itself to mystery, sensationalism, and even conspiracy. For that reason, AARO remains committed to transparency, accountability, and to sharing as much with the American public as we can, consistent with our obligation to protect not only intelligence sources and methods, but U.S. and Allied capabilities. However, AARO’s work will take time if we are committed to doing it right. It means adhering to the scientific method and the highest standards of research integrity. It means being methodical and scrupulous. It means withholding judgment in favor of evidence. It means following the data where it leads, wherever it leads. It means establishing scientific, peer-reviewed, theoretical underpinnings of observed data. And AARO is committed to all of those standards.

I’m proud of AARO’s progress over the last nine months. Much remains to be done, but the hard work is under way. Thank you for your continued support. And before we turn to questions, I’m gonna walk you through some of our analytical trends and a couple of cases that we’ve prepared.

[the_ad_placement]

So one of the things that AARO does is high-integrity analysis, as I’ve said. This chart represents the trend analysis of all the cases in AARO’s holdings to date.

I’ll break it down since it’s small and hard to see:

UAP Reporting Trends – 1996-2023

Reported-UAP Altitudes

60,000 feet – 0.6%

55,000 feet – 0.0%

50,000 feet – 0.3%

45,000 feet – 0.3%

40,000 feet – 0.6%

35,000 feet – 2.5%

30,000 feet – 6.4%

25,000 feet – 23.5%

20,000 feet – 32.2%

15,000 feet – 16.5%

10,000 feet – 7.8%

5,000 feet – 9.2%

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Typically-Reported UAP Characteristics

Appearance 

Morphology – Round, Atypical Orientation

Size – 1-4 meters

Color – White, Silver, Translucent

Performance

Altitude – 10,000-30,000 feet

Velocity – Stationary to Mach 2

Signatures

Propulsion – No thermal exhaust detected

Radar –  Intermittent, X-Band (8-12 GHz)

Radio – 1-3 GHz, 8-12 Ghz

Thermal – Intermittent, Shortwave Infrared, Medium-Wave Infrared

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Reported UAP Morphology

Vector – 0%

Tic Tac – 1%

Polygon – 1%

Square 1%

Rectangle 1%

Triangle – 2%

Disk – 2%

Cylinder – 2%

Oval – 3%

Lights – 5%

Other – 6%

Ambiguous Sensor Contact – 23%

Orb. Round. Sphere – 52%

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SK: What you’ll see on the left is a histogram of all of our reported sightings as a function of altitude. So, most of our sightings occur in the 15 to 25,000 foot range. And that is ultimately because that’s where a lot of our aircraft are.

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SK: On the far right, upper corner, you’ll see a breakout of the morphologies of all of the UAP that are reported. Over half, about 52% of what’s been reported to us, are round or spheres. The rest of those breakout into all kinds of different other shapes. The gray box (Ambiguous Sensor Contact) is…essentially there is no data on what its shape is. Either it wasn’t reported or the sensor did not collect it.

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SK: The bottom map is a heat map of all reporting areas across the globe that we have available to us. What you’ll notice is that there is a heavy, what we call, collection bias, both in altitude and in geographic location. That’s where all of our sensors exist. That’s where our training ranges are, that’s where our operational ranges are, that’s where all of our platforms are.

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SK: In the middle, what we have done is reduce the most typically-reported UAP characteristics to these fields. Mostly round, mostly one to four meters. White, silver, translucent, metallic. 10,000 to 30,000 feet, with apparent velocities from stationary to Mach 2. No thermal exhausts are usually detected. We get intermittent radar returns, we get intermittent radio returns, and we get intermittent thermal signatures. That’s what we’re looking for, and trying to understand what that is.

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SK: Next slide. So I’m going to walk you through two cases that we’ve declassified recently. This first one is an MQ-9 in the Middle East, observing that blow up, which is an apparent spherical object via EO (electro-optical) sensors. Those are not IR (Infrared).

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SK: If you want to go ahead and click that and play it.

2022 – MQ-9: Sphere/Orb – No Audio

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2022 – MQ-9: Sphere/Orb – With Kirkpatrick Audio

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SK: You’ll see it come through the top of the screen, there it goes, and then the camera will slew to follow it. You’ll see it pop in and out of the field of view there. This is essentially all of the data we have associated with this event from some years ago. It is going to be virtually impossible to fully identify that, just based off of that video. Now what we can do and what we are doing is keeping that as part of that group of 52% to see: What are the similarities, what are the trends across all these, and do we see these in a particular distribution? Do they all behave the same or not? As we get more data, we will be able to go back and look at these in a fuller context. How are we gonna get more data? We are working with the Joint Staff to issue guidance to all the services and commands, that will then establish: What are the reporting requirements, the timeliness, and all of the data that is required to be delivered to us and retained from all the associated sensors? That historically hasn’t been the case, and it’s been happenstance that data has been collected.

Next slide. This particular event, South Asia, MQ-9, looking at another MQ-9. And what’s highlighted there in that red circle is an object that flies through the screen.

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SK: Unlike the previous one, this one actually shows some really interesting things that everyone thought was truly anomalous to start with. First of all, it’s a high-speed object that’s flying in the field of regard of two MQ-9s. Second, it appears to have this trail behind it, right? Which, at first blush, you would think, that looks like a propulsion trail. In reality, if you want to play the first slide, we’ll show you what that looks like in real time. The first video.

2023 – MQ-9: Commuter Jet – No Audio

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2023 – MQ-9: Commuter Jet – With Kirkpatrick Audio

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SK: So we’re looking at that, there it goes. Why don’t you play it again, and then pause it halfway through. Right there. Alright, if you might be able to see that trail there behind it. That’s actually not a real trail, that is a sensor artifact. Each one of those little blobs is actually a representation of the object as it’s moving through. And later in the video, as the as the camera slews, that trail actually follows the direction of the camera, not the direction of the object.

2023 – MQ-9: The Trail = A Sensor Artifact

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2023 – MQ-9: Close-up of The Trail = A Sensor Artifact 

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2023 – MQ-9: Close-up of Commuter Jet

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SK: We pulled these apart frame by frame, we were able to demonstrate that that is essentially a readout, overlap of the image. It’s a shadow image, right? It’s not real. Further, if you later follow this all the way to end, it starts to resolve itself into that blob that’s in that picture on the top right. And if you squint, it looks like an aircraft…because it actually turns out to be an aircraft. Go ahead and put that on. So you’ll see the tail sort of pop out there. And so what you’re looking at, in the infrared, this is the heat signature off of the engines of a commuter aircraft that happened to be flying in the vicinity of where those two MQ-9s were at.

Why am I showing you this? So the first one that I showed you, we don’t have resolved yet, right? That is an unresolved case we are still studying. This one, we can resolve. But this is the kind of data that we have to work with and the type of analysis that we have to do, which can be quite extensive when you have to pull these apart, frame by frame. Further, we’re now matching all of this with the models of all of those imaging sensors, so that I can say, “I can recreate this, I can actually show how the sensor is going to respond.” All of these sensors don’t necessarily respond the way ya think they do. Especially out in the world and in the field. And I believe that’s all I have. And I will open it up for your questions.

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KG: Thank you so much, Dr. Kirkpatrick. Can you just give us some raw numbers of how many UAPs you’ve analyzed? How many have been resolved, and sort of in what buckets? And then how many are still left to be resolved? Just an update from your January public report, where it was 366 or something, and about 150 were balloons, and about two dozen were drones. You know, just give us an update, if you have one.

SK: Sure. So, as of this week, we are tracking over a total of 650 cases. Now, the report in January basically said about half of the ones at that time, about 150, were likely balloon-like or something like that. That doesn’t mean they’re resolved.

KG: Oh, I see.

SK: Let me walk everyone through what our analytic process looks like. We have, essentially, a five-step process, right? So we have, we get our cases, and all the data. We create a case for that event. My team does a preliminary scrub of all of those cases as they come in, just to sort out: Do we have any information that says this is in one of those likely categories? It’s likely a balloon, it’s likely a bird, it’s likely some other object. Or, we don’t know. Then we prioritize those based off of where they are. Are they attached to a national-security area? Does it show some anomalous phenomenology that is of interest? If it’s just a spherical thing that’s floating around with the wind, and it has no payload on it, that’s gonna be less important than something that has a payload on it, which will be less important than something that’s maneuvering, right?

So there’s sort of a hierarchy of just binning the priorities, because we can’t do all of them at once. Once we do that, and we prioritize them, and we take that package of data, in that case…and I have set up two teams. Think of this as a Red Team/Blue Team, or a competitive analysis. I have an intelligence-community team, made up of intelligence analysts, and I have an S & T team (science and technology) made up of scientists and engineers. And the people that actually build a lot of these sensors are physicists, because, you know, if you’re a physicist, you can do anything, right? And…but they’re not associated with the Intel Community, they’re not intel officers. They look at this through the lens of the sensor, of what the data says. We give that package to both teams. And the Intelligence Community is gonna look at it through the lens of the intelligence record, and what they assess, and their intel tradecraft, which they have very specific rules and regulations on how they do. The scientific community, technical community, is gonna look at it through the lens of: What is the data telling me? What is the sensor doing? What would I expect a sensor response to be? And back that out. Those two groups give us their answers.

We then adjudicate. If they agree, then I am more likely to close that case, if they agree on what it is. If they disagree, we will have an adjudication. We’ll bring them together, we’ll take a look at the differences. We’ll adjudicate: Why do you say one thing and you say another? We will then come to a case recommendation [and] that will get written up by my team. That then goes to a Senior Technical Advisory Group, which is outside of all of those people, made up of senior, technical folks and intel analysts and operators from retired, out of the Community. And they essentially peer review what that case recommendation is. They write their recommendations and that comes back to me, I review it, we make a determination, and I’ll sign off one way or the other. And then that will go out as the case determination. Once we have an approved web portal to hang the unclassified stuff, we will downgrade and declassify things and put it out there. In the meantime, we’re putting a lot of these on our classified web portal, where we can then collaborate with the rest of the Community so they can see what’s going on.

In a nutshell, that is the process, right? So, because of that…that takes time. So of those, over 650, you know, we’ve prioritized about half of them to be of anomalous, interesting value. And now we have to go through those and go, “How much do I have actual data for?” Because if all I have is [an] operator report that says, “I saw X, Y or Z, and my assessment is A, B, or C,” that’s not really sufficient. That’s a good place to start, but I have to have data. I have to have radar data, I have to have EO (electro-optical) data, I have to have thermal data, I have to have overhead data, and we need to look at all that.

Now, from a big-picture perspective, I still have…that’s all still very valuable data, and we’re looking at applying a lot of things, new tools, analytic tools, like natural-language processing, so I can go across all of those reports and look for commonalities. How many of them are being described as round, spherical objects that are maneuvering. How many of them are not maneuvering? How many of them seem to have a plume to it, or node? That’s also going to be very valuable to give us more of a global picture and a trends analysis of: What are we seeing? And help us get to the determination.

So, go back to your question, ma’am, we have…this next quarterly report will be coming out here pretty soon. Our next annual report, you all have given us…moved it up to June/July. We’re gonna be having that done about that timeframe and we’ll be combining a whole number of reports into that one. I think we’re currently sitting at around – if I remember correctly – we’re around twenty to thirtyish, or about halfway through that analytic process. A handful of them have made it all the way out to the other side, gone through peer review, we’ve got case-closure reports done and signed. We’re gonna get faster as we get more people on board and we get more of the Community tools to automate some of the analysis that has to be done.

Senator Joni Ernst – R-Iowa (JE): Thank you, Madam Chair. And Dr. Kirkpatrick, the ODNI annual Threat Assessment states that China’s space activities are designed to erode U.S. influence across military, technological, economic and diplomatic spheres. Likewise, Russia will remain a key space competitor. In the course of your work, have you become aware of any Chinese or Russia[n] technical advancements to surveil or attack U.S. interests?

SK: So that’s a great question. Part of what we have to do as we go through these – especially the ones that show signatures of advanced, technical capabilities – is determine if there’s a foreign nexus. That’s really hard if what we observe doesn’t have a Chinese or Russian flag on the side of it. Now, I think it is prudent to say, of the cases that are showing some sort of advanced technical signature – of which, we’re talking single percentages of the entire population of cases we have – I am concerned about what that nexus is. And I have indicators that some are related to foreign capabilities. We have to investigate that with our IC partners, and as we get evidence to support that, that gets then handed off to the appropriate IC agency to investigate. Again, it becomes an SEP at that point.

JE: Yeah, Somebody Else’s Problem.

SK: Right.

JE: Very good. Thank you. Yes. Is it (laughs) possible that the Chinese or Russian advanced technologies could be causing some of these anomalous behaviors? And you said, there’s seems to be some indicators. So, just for us today, could you describe potential threat[s] that might exist out there if they are foreign nexus?

SK: Sure. In order to do this research appropriately, we have to also be cognizant of what is the state of the art in development across the S&T community. What are the DARPAs of the world doing? What’s the horizon scanning of emerging technologies – appropriate to this subcommittee – what is happening out there? And if somebody could accelerate that capability, how would that manifest itself and what would it look like? And do those signatures match what we’re seeing? There are emerging capabilities out there that, in many instances, Russia and China, well, China in particular, are on par or ahead of us in some areas. So previously, I used to be the Defense Department’s intelligence officer for science and technical intelligence. That was our job, was to look for…what does all that look like? And then, you know, my last several years, of course, in Space Command, doing space. The adversary is not waiting. They are advancing and they’re advancing quickly. If I were to put on some of my old hats, I would tell you, they are less risk averse at technical advancement than we are, right? They are just willing to try things and see if it works. Are there capabilities that could be employed against us in both an ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance), in a weapons fashion? Absolutely. Do I have evidence that they’re doing it in these cases? No, but I have concerning indicators.

JE: Thank you. I appreciate that. And that is why it’s so important that you are working with the Intelligence Community as well. Because you have the science, the data background, but you also need to know, from various sources, what adversaries may be working on. Correct. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you, Madam Chair.

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KG: Senator Rosen?

Senator Jackie Rosen – D-Nevada (JR): Well, thank you, Chair Gillibrand, Ranking Member Ernst, this is a really important hearing. I’d like to thank you, Dr. Kirkpatrick, for your service to the country. And as a former systems analyst myself, I really appreciate your flowchart, the description of the process, and particularly the trends analysis going forward, how that’s gonna help us. And you talked about language, the LLMs, the large-language models of artificial intelligence. That’s really gonna help us in the hunt forward, predictive analysis, I think, to some of your point of what we’d be worried about.

But I want to focus on Nevada because I want to talk about the impact of UAPs on aviation safety. So when it comes to Unidentified Aerial Phenomenal…phenomena, excuse me, one of my first concerns is really about the safety of Nevada’s military aviator. So we have airmen stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, naval aviators flying at Naval Air Station Fallon, and service members from across the world, training at the Nevada test and training range. I know you know all this. And unfortunately, the existence of advanced UAPs in the U.S. airspace and over U.S. military installations [is] not a new phenomenon. The Navy’s officially acknowledged that between 2004 and 2021, eleven near misses occurred involving UAPs that required pilot action and follow up reports. As a result, in 2019, the Navy established a protocol for pilots to report on their dangerous encounters. So, could you speak to any ongoing efforts within DoD to ensure the safety of our aviators with a potential UAP encounter? And what’s your relationship with NORTHCOM, NORAD, Space Comm, when it comes to this immediate, real-time response? And how they’re right there in the moment, right?

SK: Absolutely. That’s a great question. So, let me start with…my relationship with the Commands are very good. I just came back from sitting down with with General van Herk, and all the J Staff out at NORTHCOMM a couple of weeks ago, talking through exactly what we need to do to help them get their arms around this. We are also working very closely with Joint Staff. And the Joint Staff has just been very outstanding in helping work through policy and guidance issues to the forces and to the services. And I would like to just make sure that we message back to all of the operators, the importance of their reporting, and the fact that you’re about to get a bunch of new requirements that we’re issuing through the Joint Staff, on all of the data that we’re gonna need you to save and report back to us. It is invaluable and we are working to try to take the most advantage of that, to learn what it is that we’re trying to mitigate.

To get directly to your question: First thing that we’re doing is normalizing our reporting, right? We’re standardizing our reporting and the requirements associated with that. Guidance from the Joint Staff, I think goes out maybe this week, maybe next week, on…that we’ve been working with them for some months, that does exactly what I just said. It gives them timelines, it gives them requirements, it gives them…here’s all the data you have to have. And you gotta retain it. The next thing that comes after that is a plan ord (Planning Order) that will go out to the Commands for mitigation and response. So there’s a couple of things that we have to do. One, I need to work with the Commands and with the IC, and with our…outside of our DoD and IC partners, to extend our collection posture, targeted at some of these key areas that you saw on that heat map that have a lot of activity, so that we can turn on extra collection when an operator sees something. So part of this is generating, as a response function, and what we call a tactic technique and procedure for an operator, when he sees something, calls back to the operations floor, they can turn on additional collection. What does that collection look like? How do I bring all that together so I can get more data on, what is that thing?

JR: Can I ask, really quickly.

SK: Sure.

JR: Do you have the authorities you need to extend your collection posture between agencies or branches of the military? Because that seems to me to maybe be a sticking point. I know my time is just about up. I’d love to follow up about your risk-management methodologies for some of these. But do you have need any authorities that you don’t have to get the data you need?

SK: There are some authorities that we need. We currently are operating under Title 10 authorities, but we have good relationships across the other agencies. But having additional authorities for collection, tasking, counter-intelligence…

JR: That’s something you…

SK: Those are all things that would be helpful, yes.

KG: Thank you. To follow up. Dr. Kirkpatrick, will you help us write that language so we can put it in the defense bill this year, so that we know what authorities you need?

SK: Uh huh.We can do that.

KG: Thank you. We’re gonna start second round, so if you want to stay, you can ask another round. I have at least three more questions.

JR: I have about a dozen more (laughs).

KG: Do you want to go right now in case you have to leave? Yeah, go ahead.

JR: I’m gonna stay on the drones issue because, obviously, we also have Creech Air Force Base, we talked about those Reapers…they’re flying out there. The last category, the Chinese spy balloon, it did cross through the U.S. airspace, shot down by a sidewinder missile, fired from an F-22. Sidewinders cost us close to half a million dollars each. So, given the cost of these missiles, the cost per flight, all of these other things, like I said…follow up on the authorities, your methodologies, the data collection, they can help us in other ways. But how do you think we can develop a sustainable, affordable response to UAPs, where we need to, that may…that will definitely violate our airspace, not may. Definitely violate our airspace every chance that they can get, because they’re our adversaries and they want this information. So what do you think some cost-effective measures might be that we can get what we need out of that, or take them down? Whatever is appropriate, whatever the appropriate measure is, let’s put it that way.

SK: So that is actually wrapped into the plan ord that we’re working with Joint Staff to send out. What are the Commands need from both a capabilities perspective for kinetic and non-kinetic engagements? What are the response functions of the particular wings or Navy, what have you? And then, what authorities do they need? So one of the challenges that we’ve seen is, you know, there’s an authorities issues with the owners, operators of those ranges, that they need to work through. And we’re working with Joint Staff and OSD. So big picture, we need to do all that. If you want to get down to the specifics for, you know, there are non-kinetic options to engage pretty much everything, right? Whether it’s electronic warfare, whether it’s laser technologies…

JR: That’s where this data…having the good data collection, predicting analytics, you can make some assumptions on possibilities.

SK: That’s right. And we will inform recommendations back to The Department on, here’s what could work, here’s what we’ve seen work, here’s what doesn’t work.

JR: Thank you so much. Thank you, Madam Chair. Appreciate it.

KG: Thank you very much. I just want to just talk a little bit about your logistics, who you report to, how that’s going, whether you need different reporting lines. By congressional legislation, your office is administratively located within the office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, but you’re not substantively subordinate to the undersecretary. Rather, you are to direct report to the deputy secretary. Are you taking direction directly from the deputy secretary? Are you able to meet and brief the deputy secretary? Is the office of USD(I&S) working with you to have the right framework?

SK: So, USD(I&S) and the…I currently report to USD(I&S) until they come up with the plan for how they’re going to implement legislation. DoD and DNI are working through that now. I’d have to refer you back to USD(I&S) on what their plan is. Umm…

KG: Do I need to update your reporting structure in the next defense bill or is this something that you think will work its way out, or does it need further clarity?

SK: I think they’re planning on coming back to you with an answer on what that plan is, and I think, at that time, that will inform what you want to do.

KG: Okay, thank you. As you know, Dr. Kirkpatrick, Congress has mandated that your office establish a discoverable and accessible electronic method for potential witnesses of UAP incidents and potential participants in government UAP-related activities, to contact to your office and tell their stories. Congress also set up a process whereby people subject to non-disclosure agreements, preventing them from disclosing what they may have witnessed or participated in, could tell you what they know without risk of retribution from the…or violation of their NDAs. Have you submitted a public-facing website product for approval to your superiors, and how long has it been under review?

SK: I have. We submitted the first version of that before Christmas.

KG: And do you have an estimate from them when they will respond and when you’ll have feedback on that?

SK: No, I don’t.

KG: Okay. We will author a letter – asking for that timely response – to your superiors.

Full text of the letter is below, in my tweet.

The battle continues. Remember, it's gonna be a long haul, and you need to have patience because certain folks will continue to fight and do whatever it takes to keep this secret from being revealed. Folks like Warner and Rubio need… https://t.co/p8ZaezYmiI

— Joe Murgia (@TheUfoJoe) April 29, 2023

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KG: When do you expect that you will establish a public facing, discoverable and access portal for people to use to contact your office, as the law requires?

SK: So, I would like to first say, thank you all very much for referring the witnesses that you have thus far to us. I appreciate that. We’ve brought in nearly two dozen, so far. It’s been very helpful. I’d ask that you continue to do that until we have an approved plan. We have a multi-phased approach for doing that, that we’ve been socializing and have submitted for approval, some time. And once that happens, then we should be able to push all that out and get this a little more automated.

KG: Great.

SK: What I would ask, though, is, as you all continue to refer to us and refer witnesses to us – I’d appreciate if you’d do that – please try to prioritize the ones that you want to do, because we do have a small research staff, dealing with that.

KG: Thank you. And then, do you have any plans for public engagement that you want to share now, that you think it’s important that the public knows what the plan is?

SK: So we have a number of public-engagement recommendations, according to our strategic plan. All of those have been submitted for approval, they have to be approved by USD(I&S). We are waiting for approval to go do that.

KG: Okay, I will follow up on that. And then my last question is about the integration of departments, UAP operations, research, analysis and strategic communications. During the recent UAP incidents over North America, it didn’t appear that you were allowed to play that role. Do you agree that the public perception is generally that you and your office did not appear to play a major role in the Department’s response to the detection of objects over North America? What can you tell us that’s going on behind the scenes, from your perspective? And in the after-action-assessment process, is there awareness that there is a need to operate differently in the future and a commitment to doing so?

SK: When the objects were first detected, I got called by Joint-Staff leadership to come in late one night to review events as they were unfolding and to give them an assessment, based on what we knew at that time. I did that. I worked with the director of the Joint Staff, the J2 and the J3 that night and over the couple of following days on, what are the types of things that we are tracking from a unidentified object perspective? What databases do we use? Those sorts of things for normal…for known objects, known tracking. Beyond that, their response, I would have to refer you back to the White House for the decision on how they did the response. We did not play a role in what you would respond, other than that initial, you know, advice on what we are seeing and how we are seeing it.

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KG: Senator Ernst? (KG’s mic was muted so I’m assuming that’s what she said. ~Joe).

Senator Joni Ernst (JE): Thank you, Madam Chair. Dr. Kirkpatrick, I know that your office has gotten a lot of attention recently. And, of course, any new agency, there tends to be a push to increase size and funding. We want to make sure that you’re able to meet your goals, but what I also need to ensure is that we’re not duplicating or replicating existing functions and creating redundancy within DoD and the inter-agencies. So, what steps are you taking right now to make sure that your particular office and function is unique to any of the other agencies that might be involved in these types of cases?

SK: Yeah, that’s a great question. So, I would like to lay down…here’s one of my, you know, sort of my mission and my goal and my vision here. So the vision is, at one point…at some point in the future, you should not need an AARO. If I’m successful in what I’m doing, we should be able to normalize everything that we’re doing into existing processes, functions, agencies and organizations, and make that part of their mission and their role. Right now, the niche that we form is really going after the unknowns. I think you articulated it early on, this is a hunt mission for what might somebody be doing in our backyard that we don’t know about. Alright, well, that, that, that is what we are doing, right? But at some point, we should be able to normalize that. That’s why it’s so important the work we’re doing with Joint Staff to normalize that into DoD policy and guidance. We are bringing in all of our interagency partners. So NASA is providing a liaison for us. I have FBI liaison, I have OSI liaison, I have service liaisons. Half of my staff come from the IC. Half of my staff come from other scientific and technical backgrounds. I have DOE. And so, what we’re trying to do is ensure, again, as I make UAP into SEP, they get handed off to the people that that is their mission to go do. So that we aren’t duplicating that. I’m not gonna go chase the Chinese high-altitude balloon, for example. That’s not my job. It’s not an unknown and it’s not anomalous, anymore. Now it goes over to them…right?

JE: Very good. Thank you, Madam Chair.

KG: Thank you. I want to just to follow up on the filters for surveillance. Outside observers have speculated that DoD sets filters on certain sensors to eliminate objects that are moving really fast or slow, because what we are looking for, militarily, are conventional aircraft and missiles.

(2/2) Today, drones, balloons, and other UAV are growing threats and a review of the settings on these mighty systems is overdue.

— Christopher K. Mellon (@ChrisKMellon) February 8, 2023

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“If these radars are so heavily filtered that they did not detect the objects swarming the USS Omaha and USS Russell off the coast of California in 2019, then perhaps it is time to modify the filtering algorithms of these radars or perhaps feed the same radar data in real-time into a separate filtering process tailored to detect and assess these new potential new threats. Otherwise, we risk needlessly missing vital intelligence information.”

~Christopher Mellon in “The Debrief”

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KG: UAP that doesn’t fit into these programs would thereby be weeded out and never noticed. The spectrum of speculation was proven to be true during the UAP incidents over North America, where DoD publicly acknowledged that we were able to start seeing these UAPs only when we opened up these filters. Obviously, our military operators cannot be overloaded with objects that are not conventional aircraft or missiles. Can you nonetheless make sure that the raw data is being captured and subsequently processed so that your office knows what’s really out there? And is that going to cost money, will you expect to pay for that money out of AARO’s budget?

SK: One of the key tenants that we’re trying to do in our science plan is understand what those signatures are. So we get all the raw, for example, radar data, prior to the scrubbing and filtering to allow it to enter into our weapon systems and our detection systems. We are now taking all that data and cross correlating it to what pilots are saying they’re seeing or other observations from other operators. What that allows us to do is then see if there are any signatures in that data that I can pull out, generate – what we’ll call automatic-target-recognition algorithms – that allow us to then use that signature associated with [an] observed UAP, whatever that UAP may be. We will then make those recommendations, of what those changes should be, back to the department. So the deputy secretary had asked me last October to make those recommendations. What changes do we need to make to radars, to platforms, to detection systems, and algorithms, to pull on those algorithms [and] make those changes? That’s gonna take some time, that’s where the research and development comes in, right? It’s not instantaneous. Right now, a lot of the…I won’t say, a lot of the things that fall outside of the ranges of those filters have been identified by people in the loop, and you can’t have people in the loop all the time. It’s just not cost effective. So part of our budget is working through, what does that look like, and then making those recommendations back to the big-program offices for them to put into changes and acquisition.

KG: My last question is about the academic community. Can you give us an update on sort of how you collaborate with the academic community and whether…how the independent study being done by NASA complements AARO’s work?

SK: Sure. Two questions so I’m gonna try to make it quick. In 1979, Carl Sagan said, “Extraordinary claims, require extraordinary evidence.” I would go one step further, and I would say, extraordinary claims, require not only extraordinary evidence, but extraordinary science. And so how do you do that? You do that with the scientific method, right? And so as AARO is developing and implementing its science plan, it has to do so grounded in a solid foundation of scientific theory, across the entire range of hypotheses that have been presented for what UAP are. That range spans, adversary-breakthrough technology on one hand, known objects and phenomena in the middle, all the way to the extreme theories of extraterrestrials. All of that has physics-based signatures associated with it. Whether it’s theoretical, from the academic community, known from things like hypersonic weapons, or adversary-breakthrough technologies, as we’ve talked about before. Or the known objects that we have to go measure. The idea is, across that entire range, you have to come up with peer-reviewed, scientific basis for all of it. The academic community plays a very big role on the one end of the spectrum, the intelligence community on the other end of the spectrum, and then measurement in the middle. Once I have those signatures identified in validated, peer-reviewed documents, then I have something to point to for all that data. Because all that data is gonna match one of those signatures, right? And then I can go, “Well, it’s that and not that,” or, “It’s that.” And that helps us go through all that.

Where NASA comes in and the study that they’re doing, which I’m supporting, is really looking at the unclassified, data sources that might be used to augment our classified data sources, to understand if there’s a signature there we can pull on. So very similar to the radars, but civil capabilities. So, for example, we have a lot of climate-science satellites, for example, that look at Earth. Lots of them. How many of those is the data valuable in seeing these kinds of objects? The challenge in that is those platforms don’t necessarily have the resolution you need. So if you remember the slide I put up there with the trends, the size of the objects we’re looking for are typically reported to be one to four meters. Well, the resolution of many of the climate science, civil satellites, is much larger than that, which means you’d have a hard time picking out something that’s smaller than a pixel on the imagery, on the data. That’s not to say all of it’s not useful and there are ways of pulling through that data and going… That is what NASA is focused on right now. What are some other data sources that could be used? In addition, things like open source and crowdsourcing of data, we’re exploring public/private partnerships. Ma’am, as you know, we’ve talked about in the past, to look at: Is there a way to smartly crowdsource additional data that might be useful to augment some of my classified sources? And what does that look like? And how would we do it so that we’re not overwhelmed by, you know, everybody who wants to take a picture of everything?

KG: Is there anything else you’d like to tell the committee before we close?

SK: Thank you very much for allowing us to come and share a little bit of insight into what AARO’s up to and what we’re doing. I hope to be able to share a whole lot more in the future. We have a lot of work to do, so if you don’t hear from me outside, it’s because we’ve got a lot of work to do.

KG: Well, thank you so much, Dr. Kirkpatrick, thank you for the hearing.

SK: Thank you.

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